An Analysis of Asthma Among Black Americans Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2347 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Asthma Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This paper explores the relationship between asthma and Black Americans through the PRECEDE-PROCEED model of health. The paper first explores the prominent diseases within the black population and then explains the significance of asthma in terms of symptomology, risk factors pertaining to the population, as well as comorbidity between asthma and other diseases prominent in the black population. Behavioral and environmental factors are explored followed by an analysis of available resources and policies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Analysis of Asthma Among Black Americans Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model" essay for you Create order Finally, a dual intervention is proposed; the intervention would target parents and children to educate them about asthma as well as the importance of social support for children. Among the diseases prevalent among the black population, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity; Black Americans have some of the highest asthma rates in the country (CDC, 2018). Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease which often begins in childhood, can be triggered by environmental irritants and is worsened by certain health behaviors (CDC, 2016). A lack of health education regarding asthma may result in missed school days, increased risk of emergency room visits and errors in emotional/physical perception (Ashley, Freemer, Garbe, Rowson, 2017; Shields, Comstock, Weiss, 2004; CDC, 2012). Although many health organizations have created plans to improve asthma statistics, Black Americans are still over twice as likely to develop asthma than White Americans (CDC, 2018); therefore, improvement in health interventions for Black Americans is necessary. Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, data will be used to better identify behavioral and environmental needs, preexisting and enablin g factors, and current and possible resources which may be implemented into a more successful intervention plan. The PRCECEDE-PROCEED model was developed as an all-encompassing planning model, divided between a research/planning phase (PRECEDE) and an action phase (PROCEED) (National Cancer Institute, 2015). The model analyzes behavioral and environmental, internal and external, and predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. The model begins with a social assessment of the communitys perceived needs and is then followed by an epidemiological assessment to prioritize these needs. A behavioral and environmental assessment then researches internal and external factors relating/contributing to the issue. This is followed by an educational and ecological assessment which examines predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. The next step, administrative and policy assessment, begins the second phase of the model and looks at the availability of resources, organizational policies/ regulation that impact the intervention. The final four steps deal with implementation and evaluation of health promotion intervention (National Cancer Institute, 2015, p.41). According to the CDC (2017), Black Americans have higher rates of premature morbidity from all causes than White Americans; morbidity rates escalate the earlier a disease emerges. Certain health disparities, such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, smoking, HIV/AIDS, and drug overdose; have prominent associations with Black Americans; however, the risk of a Black American developing asthma is over twice as likely compared with a White American (CDC, 2018). Further, other black health disparities, such as obesity and smoking, are strongly associated with asthma risk (CDC, 2016). An epidemiological study from 2001-2010 showed that black childrens rates of asthma grew at almost a 4% yearly rate (Akinbami, Moorman, Simon, Schoendorf, 2014). The study also showed that black children were almost twice as likely to have at least one asthma attack in the past year and over 7 times as likely to die from asthma compared with white children. There are many internal and external factors which contribute to asthma development and aggravation. Internal factors consist of biological predispositions/ resistance to medications, beliefs about asthma severity, symptom detection/alexithymia (not being able identify and describe feelings), stress levels, and emotional/social stability. Black Americans had biological predispositions which showed a decreased response to asthma medications (Gamble, et al. 2010; Akinbami, et al. 2014). Beliefs about asthma, in other words not taking asthma seriously, may contribute to poor symptom detection which may contribute to the development of alexithymia. Stress levels contribute to internal irritation which can lead to asthma development or an asthma attack. Emotional stability relates to stress and may be a result of ones home/school environment. External factors which contribute to asthma were exposure to violence, quality of living/work environment, family/ethnic support, living with a single mother, and living with a smoker. Exposure to violence and living with a single mother were both found to be most relevant to black children (Barile, Edwards, Dhingra, Thompson, 2015). Violence may be found within ones home as well as within ones community. Quality of living/work environments are strongly tied to socioeconomic status both of which are often of poor quality for black individuals. According the United States Census Bureau (2017) Black Americans were the most likely to have only a high school diploma and had the second highest rate of unemployment and poverty. People with lower socioeconomic status (SES) are also more likely to be exposed to toxic living environments such as air/water pollution as well as poor work conditions which are conducive to asthma (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Health-related issues to economic i nstability included stress, sensory impairment, limited educational achievement and adult morbidity/mortality (Knopf et al., 2016). This implies that not only does low economic stability during childhood affect the individual, it may perpetuate the same problem to the next generation. Finally, smoking is a health disparity related to Black Americans (CDC, 2017). Smoking affects air quality and aggravates the lungs of asthmatics, increasing the likelihood of asthma development and attacks (CDC, 2016). Predisposing factors related to asthma were poor asthma knowledge, perception of severity, overall asthma attitude, self-efficacy, and perception of responsibility. A lack of knowledge about asthma can lead to other predisposing factors such as overall attitudes about asthma, severity perception, and possibly self-efficacy (Hopkins Tanne, 2001). Self-efficacy and responsibility perception relate to the performance of maintenance behaviors (Bruzzese, 2012). Enabling factors were available policies/resources which led to a lack of education and influenced asthma perception, transportation, and living/working conditions. Getting access to education may be difficult due to transportation issues and limited resources. Reinforcing factors were family/community support, having a primary doctor, and self-perception. Having social support will aid in performing preventative and maintenance behaviors. Communicating effectively with ones doctor also aids in reinforcement of positive behaviors ( Chiang, Huang, Lu, 2003). After collecting behavioral/environmental data, the two points deemed to be most critical were a lack of asthma education and a lack of social support. Many Black Americans do not have regular doctors, which may relate to their poor levels of, and access to, medical care and information (Hopkins Tanne, 2001). Black Americans are not properly educated on asthma symptomology and therefore may not realize they are suffering from asthma symptoms until symptoms become severe. Further, black children were almost 65% less likely (than white children) to have a follow-up after having an asthma-related emergency room experience (Shields, Comstock, Weiss, 2004). Many of these problems could be solved with effective asthma education (Hopkins Tanne, 2001). Other ramification of a lack of education also manifested in asthma maintenance behaviors. An inverse relationship was found between age and asthma management in black adolescents (Bruzzese, 2012). The older children were, the less likely the y were to effectively schedule taking medication, recognize trigger symptoms, or get help. Although there was a positive correlation with age and perceived responsibility, this may be the result of a disconnect between independence and self-care. This suggests that children with asthma need ongoing education on self-management. Further, mismanagement has been associated with depression, anxiety, (likely related to medical cost and perceived control) and dyspnea (labored breathing which will can make asthma worse) (Baiardini, Sicuro, Balbi, Canonica, Braido, 2015). The other factor targeted by this intervention is social support. Many risk factors of asthma related to a lack of social support such as violence, stress, alexithymia, and low SES (Bellin et al., 2014; Ashley et al., 2017; Baiardini et al., 2015; Akinbami et al., 2014), whereas a significant protective factor is family/ethnic pride (Koinis-Mitchell et al., 2012). A study by Barile et al. (2015) showed that adverse childh ood experiences were associated with lower emotional support, which was associated with a lower health quality of life. Additionally, the study found that low income and high unemployment was associated with lower emotional support. Finally, the study stated that adverse childhood experiences could prevent children from developing social relationships into adulthood. Therefore, childhood environment plays a large role in a childs development and potential. By limiting environmental factors like exposure to education and social support, a childs abilities may be compromised. The proposed intervention will be divided into two components, an educational component and a support component. Each component of the intervention will be geared toward children and parents, with differing curricula. Two different education groups will be administered as parents and children will be taught separately. The first component will be administered in order to educate the target population on asthma severity, prevalence in Black Americans, risk factors, and the importance of maintenance. Maintenance includes (parents) scheduling doctors appointments as well as (children) conducting self-assessment. Self-assessment includes monitoring trigger and asthma symptoms as well as taking medication consistently and responsibly. An effort will be made to explain that ones independence (as they age) means being their own doctor. Additionally, asthma education will include the benefits of performing protective behaviors, such as fewer emergency room visits. The second part of the intervention deals with social support for children. A lack of social support, especially in an environment of violence, can create or exacerbate asthma. Further, children who had a lack of social support have shown to increase in likelihood of developing into an adult with a low SES (Barile et al., 2015). Parents will be taught about the importance of family support and strategies to use inside the home, while ethnic clubs will be offered as a way for children to learn about and take pride in their heritage while making friends. This will create a resource for children in which they celebrate their differences, instead of hiding them, which will increase pride and minimize discrimination. Additionally, children will learn coping techniques that can be used during times of inflammation/isolation. Research by Baiardini et al. (2015) showed that asthmatic people who learned effective coping skills showed less psychological morbidity, greater perception of control , and better disease management. It is also important to look for negative coping efforts, such as avoidance which may indicate risk of emotional instability. This program will take place in community centers in the tri-state area (New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut) which should be easily accessible to community members. The tri-state area will be the preliminary location of the intervention due to its diversity in education, income, and culture (United States Census Bureau, 2009). The educational and support programs will be bi-weekly programs which will alternate programming (between the two components) based on the week; the program will last for four months. However, the childrens clubs (support component for children) will be held weekly. Each component will be taught by a qualified black professional (a black doctor will teach the educational component, a black psychologist/social worker will teach the social support component, and a black cultural educator will be in charge of ethnic clubs) as race may also serve as an additional barrier to asthma education or implementation of positive asthma behaviors (as they will better unde rstand their audiences cultural needs). In order for program effectiveness to be measured, data will be collected during the first, eighth, and final week of the program. Data will be used for formative and outcome evaluation. Data collection will consist of qualitative and quantitative data. Participants will be given surveys (Perceived Support Scale, Brief-Coping Orientation of Problem Experienced (COPE) inventory scale) to fill out as well as have a saliva test to test relevant biomarkers (cortisol and C-reactive protein). It is anticipated that this intervention will yield improvement of 15% over baseline over the course of the program. Improvements of a lesser scale will be further interrogated for variables that may require modification for ideal success. If the program produces significant results, the program will expand to other states across the country. Where applicable, the program will be tailored to account for unique variables (i.e. travel, participant disability) to maximize success. Further, there will be continuous yearly follow-ups to make sure programs are still being run appropriately while still proving effective, which will be used for impact and process evaluation. Instructors as well as community/civic center staff will be evaluated on their maintenance of the program in accordance with intended implementation; further, yearly data reports of the program will be analyzed to assess the programs standing and possible need for refinement. The only resources necessary for this intervention are a community center and black healthcare professionals. Because this is purely an educational intervention it should not conflict with any legislation. Although this study provided an in-depth analysis of relevant factors in asthma development and exacerbation, certain environmental factors like poverty were not explicitly part of the intervention plan. The intervention aids in education, which is often a limited resource as a result of poverty; however, asthma education will not help improve ones living or work conditions. Because the environmental conditions and legislature for each state is different, certain organizations are recommended as resources in order to minimize ones exposure to environmental irritants, such as the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (which has blogs and podcasts about reducing allergens in ones environment)(NIEHS, 2018) and the Environmental Protection Agency (which provides networks for community-based interventions as well as lists of local and national agencies that are asthma resources) (EPA, 2018), as well as looking into ones state policies regarding asthma. Asthma is a disease which disproportionally impacts black children and whose effects may still be felt into adulthood. Risk factors for asthma include race/ethnicity, poverty, parental education level, health insurance coverage, environmental (air) quality, living with a smoker, premature birth/ early antibiotic use, Alexithymia, stress, violence, and lack of social support. Through analysis of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, education and social support were deemed the two most influential factors in asthma related health; therefore, a dual-component intervention was proposed for children and adults. As individuals learn the importance of asthma rates, risks, and symptoms as well as the necessity of family/community support the asthma rates of Black Americans will decrease.

Throughout the world the majority of people identified...

Throughout the world the majority of people identified with disabilities have been overlooked, hidden and ridiculed in the community (AHRC, 2013). Australian history demonstrates that in ‘dealing’ with this issue many individuals with disabilities have been placed in institutions and/or prisons and by sterilising many young girls (AHRC, 2013). The recent concern presented by Federal disability commissioner Graeme Inns, of the rise in sterilisation in young girls with disabilities begs the question of if the rights of these young girls are being adhered to (ABC, 2012). This case study will examine the legal and ethical issues whilst also discussing the rights of an individual with a disability. By analysing the Australian Common and Family†¦show more content†¦The legal perspective of all parents of children who are dependent on them is outlined in Part VII of the Family Law Act (ComLaw, 2013). Sections 63E and F of the Act determine the definition of custody and guardianship and specify that unless there is a command that opposes this, both parents are a custodian and have combined guardianship of their children (ComLaw, 2013). With custodial authority being limited to the rights to make decisions concerning daily care and control of their children, it is the concept of guardianship, along with long-term and common law rights, responsibilities and duties, that is of relevance to the issue of consent to medical procedures including sterilisation (Harrison, 2009). In deciding what is in the best interest of a child, the Family Law Act requires a court to take into account two tiers of considerations – primary considerations and additional considerations (Forrester Griffiths, 2009). These considerations include the benefit to children of meaningful relationships with both parents and the need to protect children from physical or psychological harm (Forrester Griffiths, 2009). The considerations that are most important in relation to the scenario, are the child’s views and factors that might affect those views, such as the child’s maturity and level of understanding and the likely effect on the child of changed circumstances (Harrison, 2009). Another serious legal concern surrounding thisShow MoreRelatedConcussions Are Becoming Less Of An Issue Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesready to get back onto the field. Coaches, doctors, and parents are getting worried about the safety of their kids and are skeptical about letting them continue in sports. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children around the world and accounts for approximately half of all trauma deaths (Di et al. 2). Only about ninety-percent of traumatic brain injuries are considered mild injuries, but the effects from them are still severe. 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American Correctional Policies Free Essays

The main focus of the juvenile justice systems has always been rehabilitation of the offender. However, this principle has been criticized by some sociologists prompting research activities on the most appropriate method of dealing with juvenile delinquency. Steiner and Wright (2006) carried out a research to determine the effectiveness of tougher penalties on certain cases of juvenile delinquency. We will write a custom essay sample on American Correctional Policies or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to their study, Steiner and Wright the more strict penalties introduced in the late 20th century had no impacts on the rate of juvenile delinquency and recidivism. A similar study by the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2004) indicated that there is no evidence of the effectiveness of the therapeutic foster care intervention programs in dealing with juvenile delinquency. This program was introduced to assists delinquent youths who are unable to live with their parent. However, the program recommended that young people with chronic deviant behaviors should be put under a foster parent who is trained to handle such individuals. Although the findings of the two studies are essential in formulation of correctional policies, it is important to note that both studies do not consider the factors that forced the juvenile to commit the crime before looking at the effectiveness of the programs. There is no doubt that every case of juvenile delinquency should be addressed separately if intervention programs have to be effective. Reference Cocozza, J. Skowyra, K. (2002). â€Å"Youth with mental health disorders: issues and emerging responses. † Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Journal, 7(1), pp 3-13. MMWR (2004) Therapeutic foster care for the prevention of violence: A report on recommendations of the task force on community preventive services, CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53 (RR-10). Steiner, B. , Wright, E. (2006). â€Å"Assessing the relative effects of state direct file waiver laws on violent juvenile crime: Deterrence or irrelevance? † The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 96(4), pp 1451-1477. Part two: Abstract Policies that are geared towards restoration of justice have been common in the criminal justice systems in the United States. These policies have progressively found their way into the juvenile justice systems in many states. These policies are aimed at balancing the interests of the juvenile offenders and the victims of the offences. There are several studies that have been carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of these programs in the juvenile justice systems. This paper is aimed at examining the restorative justice policies in the juvenile justice systems which has concluded that this approach has been adopted by almost all states in the country in the recent past. Reference Pavelka, S. (2008). â€Å"Restorative Juvenile Justice Legislation And Policy: A National Assessment,† International Journal of Restorative Justice, 4(2) pp 100-118 http://www. restorativejustice. org/legislative-assembly/15statutes-cases-regulations-and-recommendations-from-national-regional-and-intergovernmental-bodies/restorative-justice-and-the-law/statutes/restorative-juvenile-justice-legislation-and-policy-a-national-assessement. How to cite American Correctional Policies, Papers

Patient Care for Theory and Clinical Approach - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePatient Care for Theory and Clinical Approach. Answer: One of the most fundamental human rights and moral obligation is human dignity. All human beings deserve a dignified life. This is something that has been emphasized over and over in the nursing profession. Nevertheless, there are still other issues that still need to be addressed. The nature of the patients human dignity is still a challenge within the clinical setting (Journal of Patient Care, 2017). One of the most striking issues in the nursing profession has to do with patient care. How patients are taken care of is very important. The rights need to be observed even though they may be helpless as patients. The main issue in this area has been a violation of patients' rights. This violation of the health care has more to do with how patients are treated. Issues to do with disrespect towards patients have been rampant. This has been a serious factor that has contributed to the lowering the dignity of the patients within the society. Patients rights have been heavily violated (Ehr lich, 2015). If patients rights can properly be addressed, then this will help in bringing a common good both for the nurses as well as for the patients and above all the society at large. Patients care deserves more attention. This calls for efficiency, competence, and morality on the part of the nurses. Nurses must be morally upright persons if they are to serve properly in bringing the common good to the entire society(Helm, 2015). It is a serious human rights issue. Human dignity is pegged on this aspect and as such, it is a serious issue. Human dignity is often seen to be trampled upon going by the manner in which patient care is approached and handled in various sectors within this profession. A violation of patient's right is widespread as it includes up to civil and political rights of the patients in various sectors of the healthcare system. In order to address these abuses that undermine human dignity, it is important that a framework is put in place to monitor, to document and to analyze these abuses within the setting of the patients care. Factors that contribute to poor patients care are both medical and non-medical. In order to address those that are medical, it is important to ensure that proper communication is established between the patients or their families and the nurses. This is the only sure way to which all of the patient's concerns can be addressed effectively. It is also important for nursing students to gain enough competence during their training process(James, 2013). Lack of competence has been noted to be a serious factor leading to improper patience care which then results in issues to do with indignity. Addressing issues result in the dignity of the human person have serious consequences to the entire society if not quickly and properly addressed. It is essential that these be addressed. Adopting a system that is patient-oriented is also very important in this regard. This is the only way by which efficiency of operations can be guaranteed(James, 2013). This will make it possible to address all of the patient's rights thus making it easy to avoid unethical practices that may arise out of using a system that is not patient-oriented. In order to address these challenges, it is important that nurses meet their standard of practice. Since nurses are mandated to take care of clients, it is important that they take action whenever problems that impact clients arise (Ehrlich, 2015).It is the responsibility of the nurses to communicate with their employers in a more concise manner and to collaborate with them in the resolving these issues whenever they occur. More often, it has been observed that certain issues that arise within the nursing profession as well as within the clinical setting to be specific tend not to the required. These issues are normally covered and not addressed. Lack of addressing these issues brings about uncertainty within the health sector. For the common good to be achieved, it is important that these issues that result in the realization of the common good be addressed effectively. These issues if properly addresses can lead to a greater good within the society. It is evident that nurses, as well as other stakeholders within this profession, often feel uncomfortable addressing these issues given the ethical issues that surround them. However, it is important that patients care is handled keenly in the best way possible. References Ehrlich, R. A. (2015). Empathy in Patient Care. Ohio: Springer. Helm, W. (2015). Patient Care: Theory and Clinical Approach. UK: Oxford University Press. James, H. (2013). Improving Patient Care. Chicago: Penguin. Journal of Patient Care. (2017). Patient Care. Retrieved October 22, 2017, from https:/www.omicsonline.org/patient-care.php Mitchell, P. H. (2016). Fundamental Concepts and Skills for the Patient care technicians. Chicago: CRC Press.

Best College Planners 9 Apps for Managing Your Studying and Finance

Best College Planners 9 Apps for Managing Your Studying and Finance The technological era that we live in makes our lives easier every day. Now you dont need to go and buy a daily planner to fill out with your pencil – you can just download the app and have all of your weekly and monthly plans right at hand. But there are so many apps available on the market, so how can you choose the one that will be convenient particularly for you? We explored the majority of the existing apps to make a list which you can use to pick the app that will be handy for you. So, lets dive into the digital world and discuss features of the most used apps are. Education 1 myHomework Student Planner Price: Free or $4.99 Premium per year Rating: 4.6 The planner is very simple to use, and it has an attractive interface. You just need to add your classes to the general schedule or specify the days of the week and the time for your extracurricular activities. The best feature of this app is the ability to add the due dates and quick notes about each assignment that you have to complete while tracking the deadlines – you will see which due dates are upcoming. You can download the app from the AppStore  or GooglePlay. 2 My Study Life Price: Free Rating: 4.7 This app is one of the most popular college student planners, and it is all about having all of your classes and exams schedules placed in your pocket. If you struggle with remembering the dates of your tests or assignment due, choose this app. It is especially convenient for students who have two-week timetables. This is one of the best organizers for college students which you can get for free. This application allows you to sync your notes and plans across all of your devices, track assignment progress and get customized reminding notifications about upcoming classes or exams. The app is available for various kind of devices on iOS, Android, and Windows. Feeling stressed for upcoming finals? Check out the article which will help you to survive through the finals week. 3 Egenda Price: Free Rating: 4.7 Egenda is a popular app among high school and college students due to its convenience and utility. This is a perfect option to choose when you need a helper for: Scheduling your day Reminding about the assignments that are due Adding notes and timetables Egenda is used by so many students because it is simple to use and completely free. You can manage your tests, exams and even quizzes. Notes can be sorted by classes or even the due date which helps you to be right on time with your homework. If you have to perform a task for your English class, check out another list of the useful apps that we have gathered for you the list of apps to make you fluent in English. This app is definitely more useful than a regular daily planner or a 12 months planner, and its always with you to remind you about the next class or test. Available for download from AppStore and GooglePlay. 4 School Planner Price: Free Rating: 4.6 If you havent heard about this app yet, then you probably live under the rock because the majority of students say that School Planner is one of the most powerful personalized planners for college students with an attractive interface. The beauty is in the simplicity of the interface and handy features, such as the abilities to: record lectures manage tasks, grades and subjects create customized timetables It syncs within all your devices, providing a backup in case of need, saves teachers contact info, and calculates average grade automatically. Get it for your Android right now! 5 HomeworkApp Price: Free Rating: 4.7 The name of this app speaks for itself. This is what your parents wish theyd had when they were in college and what now you can have on your phone. It is a simple yet very effective and helpful tool to organize all the homework assignments. Goal setting, progress tracking, customizable calendar and many more other features of this app are the main reasons for many students all over the world to use it on a daily basis. This app is a perfect way to get convenient weekly spreads and customizable design at the same time. Download it for your Android. 6 Timetable Price: Free Rating: 4.2 If you are looking for something more minimalistic, then this app is for you. You can create a schedule for the whole year. The only thing you need to do is to add the information about your classes and exams. You can adjust your schedule according to the cycle of one, two, three or four weeks, get notifications and search in your classes or tasks. Get the app on Google Play and enjoy your perfect layouts which, as the users of digital monthly planners say, are very convenient for both college and high school students. Financial Planning for Students Many college students face the need to track not only their studies but also their budget. Its often hard to stick to your limited budget when there are so many events that you want to attend. If you want to use your money rationally and find a useful tool for college financial planning, download one of these useful finance planning apps. 7 Mint Price: Free Rating: 4.7 If you need to track your spendings throughout your school year, choose this app and plan your budget without any struggles. Mint allows you to keep information about your bank accounts and bills together, sort your spendings by the categories, and track credit usage. Get it on Google Play or App Store. 8 Money Manager Expense and Budget Price: Free Rating: 4.6 Would you like to have a personal accountant to manage your budget? If hiring one is too expensive for you, then just download this app and have all of your expenses completely organized and tracked. If you wonder how much money you can spend on a party and with no damage to your monthly budget, you can calculate it with this simple but effective manager. Also, you can manage your cards and get instant monthly statistics of your incomings and expenses. Available for iOS and Android. 9 Goodbudget: Budget Finance Price: Free Rating: 4.6 No more struggling with a budget for college students. Download the app and start tracking all of your spendings. Learn how to plan your budget and manage your credit cards and cash. Any college student who frequently runs out of money needs such a helper. Especially, if you need to stick to the limited budget that you can spend on groceries (by the way, we also have great ideas on how you can eat well and save your money). Available for Android and iOS. Wrapping Up We hope you liked our list of the best college planners and organizers and found it useful. Having such a helper available all the time can make your studying much easier and also teach you some time and budget management skills.

Doctrine and Covenants Summary Essay #1 †Theology Essay

Doctrine and Covenants Summary Essay #1 – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers Doctrine and Covenants Summary Essay #1 Theology Essay At the top of my mission statement, it reads, â€Å"I found my existence on the principles of integrity and excellence.† I hold this sentence very dear to my heart; it is the foundation of the purpose of my life- of my very existence. I constantly strive for the best. I continuously pursue the path that leads me highest in any endeavor- be it academic, physical, or spiritual. And I had not always espoused this philosophy to the degree I do now- the effort to strive for the top in my early years was never quite serious or even remarkable, so I really had never come into any conflict with the principle of equality embraced by the law of consecration. No conflict, of course, until complete application of this philosophy of excellence made me realize the full power of the law and understand its potential greatness†¦ and its danger. In section 82 of the Doctrine and Covenants we come to a scene in the spring of 1832 where the Lord has decided to introduce a key element in the path towards creating a people worthy of Zion- worthy of living under the glory of a celestial law. This element is the law of consecration. To begin with, the Lord tells a group of his servants, Edward Partridge, Newel K. Whitney, and others that they â€Å"are to be equal, or in other words, [they] are to have equal claims on the properties, for the benefit of managing the concerns of [their] stewardships, every man according to his wants and his needs, inasmuch as his wants are just† (DC 82:17). The Lord is basically giving them a commandment that they are to be equal. Now, granted this verse is simply talking about the management of certain businesses, but it is a part of a great whole- the whole commandment of the Law of consecration. In this Law, the central principle dictates the saints are to be equal; they are to â€Å"be e qual in the bonds of heavenly things, yea, and earthly things also†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (DC 78:5, italics added). The Lord of course mentions that they are to be equal in heavenly things, but the striking addition is that they are also to apply this equality to their worldly possessions and activities! The law of consecration is part of the â€Å"celestial law,† meaning it is that which those who are worthy of and striving for the Celestial Kingdom embrace. Truly, a mode of living worthy to be called â€Å"celestial† falls within that category of excellence that we are striving for. However, when first examining the law of consecration and its principle of total equality for all, I couldn’t help but feel a certain tie with the equality of man promised by communism and socialism. Not that I have a problem with human beings being equal economically or in any other manner. However, although my full understanding of true excellence bloomed later in my life, the concept of compelled equality always gave me a sense of discomfort and repulsion. I now understand why- it is contrary to the very essence of excellence to force a group of people into dead-level equality; I have always, consciously or otherwise, believed that there is nothing more unequal than the equal tre atment of unequal people. When you force those who are striving to be great to come down to the level of those who are putting forth little effort, or worse, those putting forth only enough effort to plunder the labors from the noble individuals on top, you punish excellence. You punish ability and talent; you stifle competence and genius. This was my objection to forced equality. And for a short time, it seemed that the law of consecration was just this very thing- after all, wasn’t it a commandment? Herein lies the paradox. It seemed that the Lord was telling the saints to strive for excellence, but simultaneously instituted a program that punished and stifled it. However, God is not a god of contradiction and confusion. The most important thing the reader must understand in examining this apparent incongruity is the very nature of the people who make up the true United Order, the Law of consecration. First, â€Å"equality† in that sense as it is spoken by the Lord in sections 78 and 82 does not mean dead-level equality. President J. Rueben Clark, Jr. stated that the equality spoken of in these sections of scripture are â€Å"not a case of ‘dead level’ equality. It is ‘equality’ that will vary as much as the man’s circumstances, his family, his wants and needs, may vary† (Conference Report, Oct 1942, p. 55). Obviously then, God is speaking here of relative equality- dependent on the circumstances and positions of His children. Furt hermore, coming back to the nature of the people who comprise the celestial society of Zion- they are not the bottom-feeding, looter type. They do not hope to steal from the efforts of those who are striving to be great. They strive to be great themselves. True equality is wonderful; the equivalence that comes from an individual freely choosing excellence and then surrounding himself with similar individuals is truly celestial. But this equality cannot be forced- such a constraint is the element of Lucifer’s plan. The true follower of celestial law espouses excellence by free will and endeavors to seek â€Å"the interest of his neighbor,† and do â€Å"all things with an eye single to the glory of God† (DC 82:19). Eventually, however, as outlined primarily in section 104, the law of consecration was rescinded only two years after its introduction to the saints. This section details centrally the procedure of taking the ownership of the various businesses involved in the United Order out of the names of the order itself, and into the names of several individual servants of the Lord, including Edward Partridge and Newell K. Whitney, as mentioned above. Thus, the order was officially dissolved. Why was this celestial law revoked? Why was it taken away from the lives of the saints when the potential for greatness and progression was so imminent? The Lord mentions specifically several times that they had â€Å"broken the covenant through covetousness, and with feigned words† (DC 104:4). They were covetous of their neighbor. In short, they were guilty of the great sin- pride. Pride is a disease. It stifles righteous progression in every form. The most evil of all- our brother Satan, fell to his pitiful and lowly state because of his pride. The early saints, although certainly not as evil and malicious as Lucifer, nevertheless were perpetrators of the sin of pride. C.S. Lewis tells us that â€Å"Pride is essentially competitive- is competitive by its very nature- while the other vices are competitive only, so to speak, by accident† (Mere Christianity, p. 110). The â€Å"other vices† Lewis speaks of include all other sins, including greed or immorality. A greedy man may want to hoard millions of dollars for the pleasure, but a prideful man will do the same just to be above all the others. It is enmity and evil competition in its very basic form. Someone guilty of pride does not necessarily take pleasure in being rich, or smart, or handsome. They only seek to be richer, smarter, or more handsome than the next man. Thus, it is the very opposite of the law of consecration- the celestial law which advances excellence in the individual- in essence being the â€Å"best one can be.† Additionally, rather than competition, consecration encourages the care and help in advancement of one’s neighbor. The saints were condemned for the lack of ability to stifle pride and live the Law of consecration, but Heavenly Father is forever merciful to his children. He took away the celestial law, removing further condemnation, and instituted a the new law of tithing as outlined in section 119. This incident has a glaring parallel to the children of Moses. Unable to live the higher law, the Israelites were given a law of carnal commandments, which was a â€Å"schoolmaster† to bring them to Christ (Galatians 3:24). In this same manner, the Latter-day Saints have also been given tithing, a schoolmaster to bring us to the celestial principles of consecration outlined by Christ. It is comforting to know that our Lord will never give us greater commandments than what we are worthy of. It is equally comforting to understand that He wants us to be excellent- he has given us guidelines and commandments for us to progress in that manner. Does consecration contain danger? Does it really repress talent? In continuation of the passage from section 82, â€Å"and all this for the benefit of the church of the living God, that every man may improve upon his talent, that every man may gain other talents, even a hundredfold† (DC 82:18). Truly, we have nothing to fear. I am thankful for the opportunity to progress and help my fellow man become excellent even as I strive to be. Creation of united order Principle of excellence and â€Å"shooting for the top†living the celestial law however, causes conflict with my own philosophy of excellence because I had thought that forced equality punishes the excellent for being excellent true followers of celestial law espouse excellence Dissolution of united order celestial law is brought down because of pride – expound on prideSimilar to children of Moses – preparatory law of tithing in place to be a schoolmaster for consecration Research Papers on Doctrine and Covenants Summary Essay #1 - Theology Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Philosophy - Assignment Example If an â€Å"E† statement is false, that means the â€Å"I† version of the statement is true. â€Å"I† and â€Å"O† are subcontrary, which means that while both cannot be false at the same time, they may still be true at the same time, making the argument valid. How do you know? The premise is a false â€Å"E† statement while the inference is a false â€Å"O† statement. A false â€Å"E† statement is equivalent to a true â€Å"I† version of the statement, and a false â€Å"O† statement is equivalent to a true â€Å"I† version of the statement as well. Therefore, the argument becomes that some trees bear fruit, therefore some trees bear fruit, which is a tautology and is valid. How do you know? The premise is a false â€Å"I† statement while the inference is a true â€Å"O† statement. A false â€Å"I† statement is equivalent to a true â€Å"O† statement, which re-words the argument as some berries are not beans, therefore some berries are not beans. The result is a tautology and is valid. How do you know? The premise is a true â€Å"A† statement while the inference is a false â€Å"O† statement. A false â€Å"O† statement is logically equivalent to a â€Å"I† statement. An â€Å"A† statement leading to an â€Å"I† statement is a subalternation, in which the premise implies the truth of the inference. Valid or invalid? Valid. The premise is a true â€Å"I† statement. The inference is a false â€Å"E† statement. We know by the contradictory relation that the â€Å"E† statement must be false, which is what the conclusion indicates. Valid or invalid? Valid. The premise is a false â€Å"A† statement. The inference is a false â€Å"I† statement. The premise is logically equivalent to a true â€Å"O† statement (i.e. that some soccer balls are not round objects) while the inference is logically equivalent to a true â€Å"E† statement (i.e. that no soccer balls are round objects). The truth of the premise does not lead to the truth of the inference, which is how subalternation

William-Sanoma case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

William-Sanoma - Case Study Example However, as the case reflects the thoughts of Connolly, the executive vice president of the company, had to face challenges when he realized the importance of e-commerce being a major part of the company’s operations. In spite of the resistances, he kept his focus on the implementation of effective e-commerce facilities and was ultimately successful in creating an internet team with intensions to bring all the products of the company online to their customers. This implies the growing understanding of the uses of the internet facilities that Connolly and was determined to incorporate in the business (â€Å"E-commerce at Williams-Sonoma†). Michel Dunn too accepted the challenges in the context of building up the operational plans for the acceptance and implementation of the internet system implying the efforts undertaken towards integrating the different functional areas into coordination with the internet system. Participation was required by all the members that were focused by Connolly and Dunn. Thus, several websites addressing the needs of the customers started being initiated by the company that gradually took a significant position in the company’s management system (â€Å"E-commerce at Williams-Sonoma†). E-commerce is not only useful in online buying and selling but it also provides access to larger markets globally with lesser expenses and reaching out to large target market in much lesser time as well (Rainer & Cegielski, 206). The company has successfully recognized the internet as being one of the most effective means of communication in the present world (Tapscott, 4). Nandkeolyar, the Vice President of the e-commerce, taking initiatives in the company’s incorporation of the internet technology has reflected further challenges on the part of the technology on which the entire processes of e-business had to be dependent. The design needed to be focused on the products that the

Instruction Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Instruction Groups - Essay Example Thus, the teacher may have a number of high achievers in one group and low achievers in another. Students enter the system with varied levels of reading abilities and mathematical skills. Hence, it is common for teachers to practice within-class groupings for the teaching of Reading and Mathematics. Flexible grouping encompasses the arrangement of students based on their learning levels. Hence, students may not remain in the same group for an entire semester. The teacher closely monitors students’ progress to ascertain when students may have improved in a particular subject area. This student is then placed in a group that contains members of similar aptitude. However, a student may be excellent in one subject area yet weak in another. Regardless of the type of grouping used, the teacher should establish only two or three groups within the class for easier supervision and timely intervention. Each group should work on material that is suited to their unique needs and abilities. Some situations in which whole group instruction may occur include storytelling, the introduction of new concepts, ideas and skills, writing composition, poetry appreciation, dramatization of a story and the generation of a language experience chart. Specifically, there is a lure about story-telling that equalizes all students irrespective of their reading level or their ability in any other content area. For example in the telling of the story of Little Red Riding Hood, the teacher could read aloud this story, varying the intonation of the voice in order to portray different characters. All the students are allowed to participate in this session. However, at the end of the reading of the story, students can be divided into groups based on their ability or skill. Thus, the teacher of a third grade class for example, may ask each ability group to write a different ending to the story. At the end of the writing period, the

knockout mouse

knockout mouse Knockout Mouse 1. Introduction Generally, DNA was first transferred by design into an organism and expressed as protein, therefore the potential of the tool that was being discovered must be found quickly by the scientist. Early experiments were limited to bacteria and viruses, but soon after the field of experiments were enlarged to those on animals and plants. (E.Hill, 2002). This topic, â€Å"knockout mouse† relates to the field of genetic engineering which further delves into a more specific technique called transgenic technology. â€Å"Knockoutscience.com†(2009) analyses that transgenic technology refers to the alteration of a certain genomic DNA of an organism in genetic engineering. As the result, both offspring of a transgenic organism and the parents (homozygous) will share the same genotype. The most common type of transgenic organism used in research is the knockout mouse, thoughknockout rats andknockout rabbits have also been developed. A knockout mouse defines a mouse which is being genetically engineered by turning off one or more genes through a process called gene knockout. â€Å"Genome.gov â€Å"also explains that a knockout mouse is a laboratory mouse in which researchers have inactivated, an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an simulated piece of DNA. The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouses phenotype, which includes appearance, activities and other observable physical and biochemical characters. â€Å"Knockoutscience.com† (2009) also elucidates that it has become routine to develop knockout mice with disruptions in specific genes. By observing the resulting phenotype, scientists are able to view the effects of this gene disruption from these knockout mice. It is true to say that the phenotype is a direct result of the gene knockout and can offer evidences as to the biological role of the gene, but rarely the phenotype can also be the result of compensatory or indirect effects of the gene knockout. Sometimes the result obtained in a phenotype can be completely unrelated to the disrupted gene. Additionally, some gene knockouts create alethal phenotypewhere the organism fails to develop in utero, making in vivo studies exceedingly difficult. It was claimed that this technique may help to solve dopamine-related neurological illnesses.(Carol A.T, 1996) The technique allows transgenic animals that lack of a certain gene or its associated protein product to grow. In experiments with mice, researchers were able to knockout the animals dopamine transporters, causing the mice to behave as if they had been given huge doses of cocaine or amphetamine. Walinski.H(2009) states that knockout mice have different way of uses. First, the specific functions of particular genes can be tested and the regulation of these particular genes can be observed. The effects of a particular gene can be determined by examining what is happening in anin vivo model, we are able to determine the effects a particular gene may have. These effects would be impossible to observe in a culture dish. Another useful application of knockout technology is in biomedical research and drug development. Knockout mouse can be used to study the evolution of thousands of genetically based diseases at the molecular level in order to seek for the best medications that act on that gene. For Example, Lili.X and Asok.C (2005 ) both agree that Duffy positive and Duffy knockout mice have revealed both human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax and mouse malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii by using parasite invasion. Furthermore, the knockout technology may lead to the discovery of the next generation of blockbuster therapies for curing numerous diseases based on novel targets from the human genome. 2. Background Genetics Timeline for the key events in the history of knockout mouse 1900 Japanese fancy mice became mutant resources for mouse genetics. 1915- The first verterbrate linkage (mapping) was discovered between albino (c) and pink-eyed dilution (p) loci in the mouse. 1923- Discovery of X-ray induced mutations in mouse before the phenomenon was confirmed in fruit-flies. 1980- Specific-locus tests were conducted extensively in the mouse with various chemical mutagens, including N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). 1981-1991- knockout mice are established. 1981- The first embryo stem (ES) cell was identified in the mouse. Martin Evans and Matt Kaufman in Cambridge, U.K., isolate mouse embryonic stem cells, which can develop into the full range of tissues. 1982-Transgenic mouse technology was established through the generation of the â€Å"giant mouse† mutant. 1985- Introduction of the Cre-loxP system by Brian Sauer act as temporal control of transgenic gene expression. 1987- Mario Capecchis team at the University of Utah describes a method for making knockout mice, as does Oliver Smithiess group at the University of Wisconsin. 1989- First knockout mouse was made by combining ES cell and gene-targeting technologies. 2007- International Knockout Mouse Consortium was organized and the Banbury II meeting was held in Brussels, Belgium. Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine was awarded for the development of mouse knockout techonologies. 3. Genetic Technique There are several method to produce knockout mouse, such as gene deletion, homologous recombination method, pronuclear microinjection and gene targeting. However, only gene targeting will be mentioned herein. Gene Targeting is the elimination or alteration of a genes function. One of the advantages of gene targeting is a mutant allele can be mended by substituting a wild-type allele over the mutant one in its normal chromosomal location, and such technique known as gene replacement. In this way, both position effect and the DNA rearrangements associated with ectopic insertion can be prevented, as a single replication of the gene is inserted in its normal chromosomal environmental. (Griffiths.A and Susan R.Wessler,etc, 2008). 4. Social Issues Recently, the evaluation of animal and human welfare as it may be affected by biotechnology is becoming a hot issue. The lack of an conscience and the information of the processes involved is one of the most important fact. ( Marie.B, 1997) Marie.B (1997) also states that the moral evaluation process is complicated by the fact that many techniques and developments in biotechnology are appropriate for patent. Some of the biotechnologists are reluctant to reveal appropriate information is understandable. Therefore, education concerning transgenic animal care and utilize is indeed very importance, involving the careful consideration of the reasons for manipulating the genome of any organism as genetic engineering is a dangerous and sensitive social issue. ( Marie.B, 1997) Pros and Cons of Knockout Mouse Advantages Disadvantages Provides important clues about what that gene normally does because human share many genes with mice. (Genome.gov, 2009) Limitation of the utility of knockout mice as models of human disease. (Walinski.H, 2004) Gives better understanding and observation of the characteristics of knockout mice. ( Genome.gov, 2009) The lack of adult mice limits studies to embryonic development and makes it more difficult to determine a genes function in relation to human health. ( Genome.gov, 2009) Gives information that can be used to better understand how a similar gene may cause or contribute disease in human. ( Genome, 2009) The gene that being examined might serve a different function in adults than in developing embryos, giving a false information. (Genome, 2009) Useful in studying and modeling different kinds of cancer, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson disease. Fails to produce an observable change in a mouse or may even produce a different characteristics from those observed in humans in which the same gene is inactivated. ( Genome.gov, 2009) Offers a biological context in which drugs and other therapies can be developed and tested. Producing custom knockout mice is very expensive. It can be from 3000 to as much as 30,000 (Walinski.H, 2004) Useful in drug development and helps to discover the next generation of blockbuster therapies for curing numerous diseases based on novel targets from the humane genome. (Walinski.H, 2004) The cost of equipping and maintaining such a facility is usually very high. ( Walinski.H, 2009) 5.0: Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear that knockout mouse offer a lot of benefits for us. Therefore, a thorough discussion of biotechnology issues is needed, as concurrence must be practiced as to protect transgenic animals. The field of transgenic animal biotechnology is likely to rise as the techniques develop further and will link to more applications by using many more animal species. Thus, it is important that the welfare and ethical concerns must continue to evolve. (Marie.B, 1997) In short, technology essentials together with thoughtful ethical decision-making are equally important to maintain the balance of living creatures. 6.0: Bibliography * Connor A.B, 2007, Schematic and Time Line for the Generation of Knockout Mice, Viewed 25 January 2010, http://web.mit.edu/ki/facilities/transgenic/services/timeline-complete.pdf * Davidson, NC 28036, Homologous Recombination Knockout Mouse, Department of Biology, Davidson College, viewed 15 January 2010, http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/genomics/method/homolrecomb.html. * Eisen, Eugene J, 2005, Mouse in Animal Genetics and Breeding Research, viewed 25 January 2010, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/sunway/docDetail.action?docID=10173945p00=knockout+mouse * Garagna, S, 2004, Mouse Genetics after the Mouse Genome, Viewed 25 January 2010, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/sunway/docDetail.action?docID=10070304p00=knockout+mouse * Genome.gov, 2009, Knockout Mice, Viewed 25 January 2010, http://www.genome.gov/12514551 * Genoway ( 2006), Gene deletion, conditional knockout mouse, viewed 11 february 2010, http://www.genoway.com/conditional_knock_out_mouse.htm * Griffiths.A.J, Wessler.S.R, Lewontin.R.C and Carroll.S.B (2008), Introduction to genetic analysis, W.H,Freeman and Company, England. * â€Å"Google docs†, 2010, Gene targeting construct, Viewed 25 January 2010, http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:j6mj7wNqd7gJ:tmc.ctrl.ucla.edu/targeting.pdf+history+knockout+mousehl=engl=my * Hudson, 2010, Taconic enters marketing pact with Transposagen Bio for knockout rat models, viewed 25 January 2010, http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=53683sectionid= * Marie.B (1997) Transgenic animlas, viewed 11 february 2010,http://www.ccac.ca/en/Current/Current_Transgenic.htm * National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2007, What is transgenic technology? Viewed 15 January 2010, http://www.knockoutscience.com/ * Research Resources, n.d., Transgenic Knockout Mouse, viewed 25 January 2010, http://www.cellmigration.org/resource/komouse/protocols/mouse_timeline.pdf * â€Å"University of California†, n.d., Transgenic and Gene Targeting Core, viewed 25 January 2010, http://cancer.ucsd.edu/tgm/genetargeting.asp#timeline * Table, http://www.knockoutmouse.org/ * Tamminga, Carol A. Molecular biology, I: a mouse knockout. (molecular technique called gene knockout which allows the development of animals that lack a certain gene and its associated protein product).American Journal of Psychiatry153.11 (1996): 1387.Academic OneFile. Web. 6 Feb. 2010. . * Twyman. R, 2003, Knockout Mice: The inactivation of a specific gene in a mouse, viewed on 15 January 2010, http://genome,wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD021038.html * Walinski.H, 2004, Studying Gene Function: Creating Knockout Mice, viewed on 25 January 2010, http://www.scq.ubc.ca/studying-gene-function-creating-knockout-mice/ * Walter E.Hill. , 2002, Genetic Engineering, Taylor Francis, Biddles LTd, Guildford and Kings Lynn, Great Britain. * â€Å"Wikipedia†, 2009, Knockout Mouse, viewed on 15 January 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_mouse * Xu, Lili, and Asok Chaudhuri. Plasmodium yoelii: A differential fluorescent technique using Acridine Orange to identify infected erythrocytes and reticulocytes in Duffy knockout mouse.Experimental Parasitology110.1 (2005): 80+.Academic OneFile. Web. 6 Feb. 2010. . * Y. Gondo (2008), Trends in large-scale mouse mutagenesis: from genetics to functional genomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9(10):803-810., http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/Knockout-mice-timeline-6638351, Viewed On 11 February 2010.

adam smith Essays -- essays research papers fc

Views of Adam Smith Adam Smith had many views that helped in making the world what it is today. I can’t imagine what the world would be like if there weren’t thinkers like Adam Smith. Our career as Pharmacists is a great example of this. What would we be working so hard for if we made the same amount of money as a trash man? He had many other views that were just as important. Adam Smith believed that a nation's wealth was not derived by how much they had in resources, or in an exchangeable commodity, but rather by the labor that its residents produce. "The annual labor of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences which it annually consumes." (Wealth of Nations, p. 1) He stated that a nation could increase the efficiency of the potential of its people by increasing these two aspects of the work force: (a) Skill, dexterity, and judgement with which labor is applied, and (b) Proportion of those employed in useful labor to those not so employed. For the first aspect, Smith noted that the best way to increase the efficiency of labor is the division of labor. The division of labor is the central factor in Smith’s theory of economic growth. Division of labor is the splitting of a large task into smaller tasks and then having one person be responsible for only one or two of the smaller tasks, which leads to an increase in productivity and stimulates the entire growth cycle, which increases the efficiency of the whole task. The division of labor and the accumulation of capital are what Adam Smith believed to be the driving forces of economic growth in any nation. He found that when the division of labor had broken down the production of almost any commodity into a series of simple operations it was more natural for tools and machinery to be invented that replace hand labor and expedite the entire production process, thereby increasing worker productivity. This increased productivity, combined with the growing capital stock to increase national output, enables a society to enjoy higher levels of consumption, resulting in a genuine rise in the â€Å"wealth of the nation† according to Smith. Adam Smith stated that the value of all things is based on the amount of labor that must be produced to gain it. He believed that the price of an object could be split into three parts: r... ...ner the market, and leave the consumers with a mediocre product. In response to tightened importation laws, he wrote that a strong foreign trade system would be the only way to provide good products to the English public. Adam Smith was accurately seeing the future of the world’s commerce. He saw that as producers tried to make more and more money, they were forced to cut corners. This, as a result, lead to products that were not as good as they should be. He knew that the way to improve product quality in Great Britain was to import goods from other counties. Adam Smith had many very important views. He had set ways that he thought things should have been and he spent his life explaining these views and trying to get others to see things as he did. Many people supported and accepted his views, while others completely disagreed with him. Whether or not you agree or disagree with his views, you have to admit that Adam Smith is very important even in the world today. Works Cited Bibliography 1. Heilbroner, Robert, Teachings From The Worldly philosophy, 1st ed. (Norton, 1997) â€Å"Wealth of the Nations†. Smith, Adam www.history.edu/adamsmith/views. (Accessed 4-1-02)

Charismatic Leadership Essay

Abstract This essay gives an overview of various leadership types and focuses on the charismatic leadership. It attempts to explain the charismatic leadership process with an example of Mahatma Gandhi as a charismatic leader. It goes further and explores the attributes that a charismatic leader possesses. The essay also tries to find out various effects of charismatic leadership on the organization. While mentioning the positive effects of the charismatic leadership, it also investigates the â€Å"dark† side of the charismatic leadership. After reading the essay the readers are expected to have gained enough familiarity with this kind of leadership and at the end of the essay I would like to put forth a couple of questions regarding charismatic leadership which have remained unanswered after reading the material I have cited. Introduction Any type of organization runs successfully when it is piloted by a skillful and influential leader. While leaders motivate their followers, it is not the only thing leaders can do. A good leader can structure the organization in the way he wants. He represents the culture of the organization and most importantly, it has been observed that effective leaders posses a capacity to increase the productivity of the organization. Various scholars categorize leadership styles in a different way. Lewin (1939) classifies leadership styles in three categories: Autocratic Leadership, Democratic Leadership and Delegative (Laissez-Faire) Leadership [1]. Max Weber classifies leaders as Bureaucratic Leader, Traditional Leaders and Charismatic Leaders [2]. In  1978 Burns defined yet another classification: Transactional Leaders and Transformational Leaders [2]. Burns Transformational Leadership is similar to Charismatic Leadership style proposed by Weber. Since 1978 a lot of research has been done on various aspects of charismatic leadership. In this essay I would like to focus on charismatic leadership, its attributes and traits in charismatic leaders. What is charismatic leadership? Weber defines charismatic leadership as â€Å"resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him† [3]. He envisaged religious leaders like Jesus as charismatic leaders. Later researches considered various social-political leaders like Mahatma Gandhi as charismatic leaders. Dictators like Hitler also had some charismatic traits. These were the leaders with exceptional qualities which made them almost god-like for their followers. The charm of such people made their followers go behind these leaders without questioning them. While analyzing such a strong bond between the leaders and his followers Weber focuses on the social patterns and conditions under which the leader exists. However, the later researches throw light on the psychological attributes of the leaders which make them successful charismatic leaders. Research shows that charismatic leaders appeal strongly to the values of the followers and it is this psychological bondage between the two which makes the charismatic leadership succeed. Neither the sociologically oriented Weberian approach nor the psychological approach alone can explain charismatic leaders. The approaches together, however, give the better analysis of charismatic leadership. Charismatic Leadership Process Charismatic leadership process is seen as a compound product of three  factors: The leader and his attributes, the social situation which demands for such a leader and the interaction between the leader and his followers. Charismatic leadership process undergoes six steps from the rise of the leader to the final routinization and thus the fall of the leader [4]. I would like to identify Mahatma Gandhi as a charismatic leader and explain these six steps with an example of his leadership in India’s non-violent freedom movement. Step 1: Identification This step takes place from the composite mixture of the three factors mentioned above. It is a stage where the aspiring leader is on the social horizon; the followers are in distress and are looking forward to someone who will identify himself with their problems. The social situation is increasingly getting worsened in this stage. This is the time when the leader establishes him as a potential leader but the followers, by large, remain passive. In Gandhi’s leadership this can be said to have taken place during the years 1915-1920 when Gandhi was back to India from a successful movement in South Africa. India had no tall leader whom it could depend on and Gandhi’s charisma was just started showing its colors (Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha) [5]. Step 2: Activity Arousal In this step the leader arouses the follower to become the part of the change. Followers who were passive admirers of the leader till the earlier phase become active supporters of the leader and the cause for which he is identifying himself. The longer this stage lasts the longer is a span of the charismatic leadership. In Gandhi’s case this step lasted from 1920 till 1930. Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement in 1921 is a precise example of activity arousal stage where he awakened the whole country to rise against the British rule [6]. Step 3: Commitment Commitment stage in the charismatic leadership is without any doubt the most  interesting step in the process. This step takes the charismatic leadership at the peak and at the same time this is the phase when the charismatic leader starts losing his charisma. This step starts by demonstrating the extreme commitment of the leader towards the goal and same commitment from the followers towards the leader. This demonstration often takes the shape of some kind of sacrifice on the part of the leader or impending danger on the leader. This sacrifice or danger makes the image of the leader as courageous and dedicated in the eyes of many followers. Interestingly, this same act makes some of the elite followers disillusioned and they start suspecting their leader as pompous and hypocrite. This is the stage where the leadership can be bifurcated into two categories as a personalized leadership and socialized leadership. The first type of leadership tends to become authoritarian and exploita tive. The second type of leader is more egalitarian and he will share power and responsibility with others. In either way, the personalized leader will become dictator and will lose his charisma and the socialized type of leader will help routinizing the leadership! The example for personalized leader can be of Hitler who ultimately became a dictator. Gandhi can be seen as a fusion of both types with definitive inclination towards socialized type of leadership. For Gandhi the commitment stage can be said to have lasted from 1930 to 1935. Salt Satyagraha can be considered as the peak of his charisma and the diplomatic failure at the Round Table Conference can be seen as the first symbol of the next step of the disenchantment [7]. Step 4: Disenchantment This phase is quite unavoidable and sometimes even intentional on the part of the leader. Many times social structure brings the disenchantment stage. Sometimes, because the leaders themselves know that they are not immortal, they try to bring the routinization in the leadership. This routinization brings the feel of loss of goal to some followers. This step may lose some of the strongest followers from the leader. This step is also an outcome of  the scenario when the leader seems to be failing. As the charismatic leaders are not very good at the formal procedural leadership [4] more routinization brings more failure and more disenchantment of the followers. In Gandhi’s case disenchantment started from 1933 and lasted till 1938 in which stage he lost many of his old followers like Subhas Chandra Bose [8]. However this is the phase where the process of routinization seemed to have taken place distinctly. Step 5: Depersonalization This step is a logical follower of the earlier step of disenchantment. Disenchantment starts because of routinization and it leads to the depersonalization and formalization of the leadership. The leadership style becomes more and more like bureaucratic leadership. The leader starts delegating his tasks to his followers. This phase comes in Gandhi’s leadership during 1938-1942. This is the period when he made it clear that Jawaharlal Nehru will be his political heir. It is the time when he withdrew himself partly from the active politics [9]. Step 6: Alienation This is a process of disintegration of the three factors mentioned in the beginning which had come together in phase one. In this step, due to the formalization and bureaucratization of the leadership, charismatic leadership becomes increasingly redundant. The followers feel that the organization and the leader are going away from the initial goal and thus they start alienating  themselves from the organization and the charisma of the leader fades as the social situation which has made him appeal to the masses has changed. This stage does not necessarily mean the failure of the leader. In many cases, having achieved the goal for which the charismatic leader had risen, the leader becomes redundant for his followers and the goal itself becomes redundant for the leader. Years 1942-1948 show this phase in Gandhi’s leadership. Though Gandhi remained popular and worshiped leader of India till his assassination, his charisma faded gradually in his last years [10]. Attributes of Charismatic leaders After having described what is charismatic leadership and how does it work, it is interesting to find out what makes one a charismatic leader. What are the attributes that a charismatic leader posses or what are the traits which make someone a potential charismatic leader? It is clear from the above discussion that the actual rise of such a leader is a composite function of various variables. However, this section will try to describe the personal traits that make a person a potential leader. There are some attributes which are exhibited by a person at his childhood or adolescence which make a person potential charismatic leader. This statement is quite ambitious and somewhat exaggerated. However, the converse of the sentence is true. The research shows that charismatic leaders do show some specific pattern of behavior at their adolescence [11]. Parental Attachment Style and Parental Psychological Control [11] It has been observed that a way a child is attached to his parents in his adolescence plays important role shaping him as an effective charismatic leader. It is seen that young adult securely attached to his parents tends to form a positive relationship with his followers in the later life. Many of the qualities possessed by a charismatic leader such as self-confidence, self-esteem are also found in a child who has a parental attachment style which is secure, autonomous and displays relatedness. These attributes are considered as positive attributes in parental attachment style for the development of a charismatic leader. It is also obvious that these qualities in the parental attachment style make the child emerging to an adult more self-aware and help him making sense of his place in the world. Empirical research suggests that charismatic leaders also have same sense of self-awareness and they are often introspective in evaluating their own beliefs. Thus, it is proposed that there is a positive relationship between parental attachment style and displays of charismatic leadership by  emergent adult. It is seen, on the other hand, that parental control impedes the development of an emergent adult. Excessive psychological control by parents on the child makes him insecure and less confident. This proves to be a barrier in his development as a charismatic leader. Parental psychological control also acts as an obstacle in establishing social relations and it create a situation of isolation for the emergent adult. Psychological control is seen as a negative factor in emergent adults’ displays of charismatic leadership Apart from above mentioned attribute, which attempts to answer the question â€Å"who are the charismatic leaders†, there are some attributes which try to answer the question â€Å"what makes a person a charismatic leader†. Here are some traits which can be identified with the charismatic leader [12]. Self-Monitoring One of the qualities of the charismatic leaders is that they watch themselves. They are constantly aware of the fact that their followers are watching them and so they find it important that they portray a good picture of themselves for their followers. As the charismatic leaders are born out of the blend of social scenario and follower’s needs, it becomes imperative for such leaders to constantly identify themselves with that social scenario and the need. Charismatic leaders can manage that only if they monitor themselves to make sure that they are still answering to the same plea which made them such a popular leader. Self-Actualization Self motivation is an important part of charismatic leadership. The leader gets motivated by the social scenario without being prompted about it. He can address his followers with the vigor only when he is self-actualized himself. It has been observed that such leaders not only motivate themselves but they have a capacity to transform this self-actualization to their  followers as well. They actually raise their followers from one level to the higher level. Motive to Attain Power Charismatic leaders often do not seek conventional power. They may not ask for an official post or position but what they look for is a social power. They want their follower to respect them and see them as their saviors. They want to win the position in their follower’s hearts. They look for identifying themselves with their follower’s values and shared beliefs. Such leaders are rated high on their social skills to persuade the masses and appeal them to their hearts. It is this power which keeps them popular for longer time. Self Enhancement Charismatic leaders are known for their self-correcting nature. They judge themselves on a strict scale. They continuously strive to become better. They, in fact, know that it is this â€Å"superiority† in them which makes them different from their followers. Charismatic leaders believe that when eventually they will bring their followers to their present level of â€Å"superiority†, they themselves should have gone one step above it to remain their leaders. Openness to Change While most of the other types of the leaders try to maintain status-quo as they are often afraid that change might depose them from the power, charismatic leaders are open to change. In fact, they represent the change and many times they prove to be the ones who bring about the changes. It is interesting to note that charismatic leaders are most powerful in the situation which demands the changes! Outcomes of charismatic leadership Having seen the process of the charismatic leadership and the attributes which the charismatic leaders posses, it becomes unavoidable to discuss the outcomes of the charismatic leadership. Many scholars see charismatic leadership as positive force which yields desirable results. However there  are some scholars who focus on negative aspects of the charismatic leadership. We will see both sides of the charismatic leadership. It is observed that charismatic leadership motivates followers to give extra output than what is expected from them otherwise. It also achieves self-actualization in its followers [12]. It is seen that charismatic leadership works in a social structure to heighten the morale of the followers. It shapes the society the way the followers and the leader had dreamt. In the business world also the charismatic leadership works positively. It increases the overall performance of the organization. It creates a sense of  fulfillment in the followers. It also creates a sense of unity and belongingness in the followers towards the organization. Charismatic leadership also has severe negative effects in some cases. The shared vision and ideas between the leader and followers create enormous energy in the organization. The leader can employ this energy in destructive way. The more the leader’s self-confident is the more are the chances that the leader will misuse the power. It’s been observed in many cases that charismatic leaders have abused their powers. Many companies have witnessed their high rank leaders going corrupt [13]. Because of excellent communication abilities of the charismatic leaders and due to the fact that they display some kind of charisma, the whole organization follows these leaders wholeheartedly and there remain absolutely no resistance for the leader. Without any check on the power, it doesn’t take time for the leader to go corrupt. Any healthy organization shows competition for power which also represents tussle between values and with lack of this tussle there remains no control on the leader. Followers of the charismatic leaders are so blinded by his charisma that they might even do some acts that they wouldn’t have done ordinarily. Atrocious acts by German soldiers under Hitler’s leadership are an apt example [13]. It was an unquestionable loyalty for their leader that compelled them to act in the way that they mostly wouldn’t have acted otherwise. Discussion This essay explains enough information about the charismatic leadership. There are some questions about the charismatic leadership which have still remained unanswered. After describing the attributes of the charismatic leader and the positive and negative outcomes of the charismatic leadership, it remains unknown that what makes a charismatic leader a â€Å"hero† and  what makes him a â€Å"villain†. Are there any specific attributes that make charismatic leader as a â€Å"hero† or a â€Å"villain†? The second question is regarding the â€Å"making of charismatic leaders†. After establishing that the charismatic leaders have certain characteristics, it remains to see that if everyone having those attributes can become a successful leader. And this question gives rise to yet another question that whether a charismatic leader can be â€Å"made†. Is it possible to â€Å"create† charismatic leaders by formal education? Third and last qu estion largely depends on the first two questions: If such charismatic leaders can be created by professional training then is it possible to create a â€Å"hero† type of charismatic leaders and avoid â€Å"dark side† of the charismatic leadership? Note: Although I have mentioned charismatic leader as him throughout the essay, the latest research shows that women are more apt to become a charismatic leaders [14]. I have mentioned the charismatic leaders as him because of the fact that most of the charismatic leaders known to the world are men and the examples which I have used are all male leaders! References 1. Lewin, K., R. Lippitt, et al. (1939). â€Å"PATTERNS OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN EXPERIMENTALLY CREATED SOCIAL CLIMATES†. Journal of Social Psychology 10(2): 271-299. 2. â€Å"Transformational Leadership† nmsu.edu. 21 November 2008 3. â€Å"Charismatic Domination† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 22 November 2008 4. Jacobsen, C. (2001). â€Å"Dynamics of charismatic leadership: A process theory, simulation model, and tests.† Leadership Quarterly 12(1): 75. 5. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 1, revised ed., pp. 198-213, The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960 6. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 2, revised ed., The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960 7. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 3, revised ed., pp. 91-131, The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India,1960 8. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 5, revised ed., pp. 85-101, The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960 9. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 6, revised ed., pp. 1-45, The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960 10. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 8, revised ed., The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960 11. Towler, A. (2005). â€Å"Charismatic leadership development: role of parental attachment style and parental psychological control.† Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 11(4): 15(11). 12. Jung, D. and J. J. Sosik (2006). â€Å"Who are the spellbinders? Identifying personal attributes of charismatic leaders.† Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 12(4): 12(15). 13. DeCelles, K. A. and M. D. Pfarrer (2004). â€Å"Heroes or villains? Corruption and the charismatic leader.† Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 11(1): 67(11). 14. Groves, K. S. (2005). â€Å"Gender differences in social and emotional skills and charismatic leadership.† Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 11(3): 30(17).

The Sound and the Fury Analytical essays

The Sound and the Fury Analytical essays Faulkners novel, The Sound and the Fury, shows the decline of a well-established and well-known southern aristocratic family. The novels main focuses are the moral decay of the Compson family and time (not letting go of the past). Throughout the novel we see how the values of the Compson family, which represents the old south, being erased as time moves on. The Compsons unwillingness to change with their surroundings and it ultimately destroys their family. In the novel the Compsons represent the old south. The Compsons are an old white southern aristocratic family living in Mississippi. Faulkner uses this family to illustrate the old traditions of southern culture and how time was corrupting the morals of the entire south. We see the decay of the south in the novels characters and their actions. Mr. Compson is an alcoholic. He over the years has become very cynical and believes all the old values of the south like purity are hogwash. Mrs. Compson has become so self absorbed that she forgets she has a responsibility to raise children. She is not seen in the book as the traditional southern mother but a self-pitying hypochondriac. In the novel Faulkner uses Quentin to show what the values of the southern aristocratic society used to be. Quentin the oldest son is the only one in his family that still believes in the old southern code. He is obsessed with tradition, family honor, and purity. Caddy, the second oldest, on the other hand does not. She grows up to be very promiscuous and has an illegitimate son, which soils the familys name. Jason the second youngest grows up and turns into his father times ten. He is very cynical and greed rules his thoughts throughout his story. Benjy is the youngest son. He epitomizes the downfall of the Compson family. Born mentally deficient he is the end of the Compson bloodline. Through his characters, mainly Quentin and Benjy, Faulkner s...

6 Problems with Punctuation

6 Problems with Punctuation 6 Problems with Punctuation 6 Problems with Punctuation By Mark Nichol Six categories of punctuation errors include missing, extraneous, misplaced, excessive, incorrect, and inconsistent punctuation. Each of the following sentences illustrate one of those errors in that order, accompanied by discussion and revision. 1. One man jumped on a police car, leaving its front and rear windows smashed and the top dented in and other protesters sprayed graffiti on another law enforcement vehicle. The description of the effects of the man’s actions constitute a parenthetical phrase inserted into the main clause, which is â€Å"One man jumped on a police car, and other protesters sprayed graffiti on another law enforcement vehicle.† The parenthesis requires punctuation at the end as well as at the beginning: â€Å"One man jumped on a police car, leaving its front and rear windows smashed and the top dented in, and other protesters sprayed graffiti on another law enforcement vehicle.† 2. Security-monitoring techniques, that highlight potential incidents and enable a real-time response from the organization, are becoming increasingly important. The phrase located between the commas is not parenthetical; it is essential to the meaning of the sentence in describing exactly which type of security monitoring techniques are being discussed, so no punctuation should interfere: â€Å"Security-monitoring techniques that highlight potential incidents and enable a real-time response from the organization are becoming increasingly important.† (If all security-monitoring characteristics had these capabilities, then that phrase would be a parenthetical one that provides additional information to the sentence, but that would have to be replaced by which to signal that nonessential information follows: â€Å"Security-monitoring techniques, which highlight potential incidents and enable a real-time response from the organization, are becoming increasingly important.†) 3. Quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 290 yards and a touchdown, and perhaps more importantly, was not sacked all day. No comma is required after touchdown, because what follows is not an independent clause. However, â€Å"perhaps more importantly† is a parenthetical phrase, so a comma should precede it: â€Å"Quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 290 yards and a touchdown and, perhaps more importantly, was not sacked all day.† 4. Style comes from the characteristics that make one garment- a piece of clothing- or accessory- a nonessential item that you wear or carry- different from another. Too many instances of the same punctuation mark can confuse the reader because the sentence does not provide distinctive cues about its organization and the hierarchy of information presented. If a sentence has more than one parenthetical phrase (in this case, the definitions of garment and accessory), open and closed parentheses, which face each other and more obviously set off what appears between them, should supplant dashes or commas: â€Å"Style comes from the characteristics that make one garment (a piece of clothing) or accessory (a nonessential item that you wear or carry) different from another.† (Note that using commas in place of dashes is not an improvement, because the sentence organization is still confusing: â€Å"Style comes from the characteristics that make one garment, or piece of clothing, or accessory, or nonessential item that you wear or carry, different from another.†) 5. I’ve been there before, I found it overrated. Here a semicolon, rather than a comma, is required, because the sentence consists of two independent clauses: â€Å"I’ve been there before; I think it’s overrated.† (Alternatively, the sentence could be divided into two separate sentences, or a conjunction could replace the punctuation: â€Å"I’ve been there before, but I think it’s overrated.†) 6. Last year, a man agreed to give up his $6,000 drone system and promise not to fly a drone for three years. . . . Last month the FAA announced there are now more registered drone operators in the United States than there are registered manned aircraft. If one short introductory phrase is followed by punctuation, any similar construction within a piece of writing should adhere to this style: â€Å"Last year, a man agreed to give up his $6,000 drone system and promise not to fly a drone for three years. . . . Last month, the FAA announced there are now more registered drone operators in the United States than there are registered manned aircraft.† The same rule applies for any other style, such as how a list is punctuated; if one list is punctuated, for example, â€Å"lock, stock, and barrel,† another should not be styled, for example, â€Å"rock, paper and scissors.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph Examples34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk