An Analysis of Asthma Among Black Americans Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2347 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Asthma Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This paper explores the relationship between asthma and Black Americans through the PRECEDE-PROCEED model of health. The paper first explores the prominent diseases within the black population and then explains the significance of asthma in terms of symptomology, risk factors pertaining to the population, as well as comorbidity between asthma and other diseases prominent in the black population. Behavioral and environmental factors are explored followed by an analysis of available resources and policies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Analysis of Asthma Among Black Americans Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model" essay for you Create order Finally, a dual intervention is proposed; the intervention would target parents and children to educate them about asthma as well as the importance of social support for children. Among the diseases prevalent among the black population, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity; Black Americans have some of the highest asthma rates in the country (CDC, 2018). Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease which often begins in childhood, can be triggered by environmental irritants and is worsened by certain health behaviors (CDC, 2016). A lack of health education regarding asthma may result in missed school days, increased risk of emergency room visits and errors in emotional/physical perception (Ashley, Freemer, Garbe, Rowson, 2017; Shields, Comstock, Weiss, 2004; CDC, 2012). Although many health organizations have created plans to improve asthma statistics, Black Americans are still over twice as likely to develop asthma than White Americans (CDC, 2018); therefore, improvement in health interventions for Black Americans is necessary. Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, data will be used to better identify behavioral and environmental needs, preexisting and enablin g factors, and current and possible resources which may be implemented into a more successful intervention plan. The PRCECEDE-PROCEED model was developed as an all-encompassing planning model, divided between a research/planning phase (PRECEDE) and an action phase (PROCEED) (National Cancer Institute, 2015). The model analyzes behavioral and environmental, internal and external, and predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. The model begins with a social assessment of the communitys perceived needs and is then followed by an epidemiological assessment to prioritize these needs. A behavioral and environmental assessment then researches internal and external factors relating/contributing to the issue. This is followed by an educational and ecological assessment which examines predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. The next step, administrative and policy assessment, begins the second phase of the model and looks at the availability of resources, organizational policies/ regulation that impact the intervention. The final four steps deal with implementation and evaluation of health promotion intervention (National Cancer Institute, 2015, p.41). According to the CDC (2017), Black Americans have higher rates of premature morbidity from all causes than White Americans; morbidity rates escalate the earlier a disease emerges. Certain health disparities, such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, smoking, HIV/AIDS, and drug overdose; have prominent associations with Black Americans; however, the risk of a Black American developing asthma is over twice as likely compared with a White American (CDC, 2018). Further, other black health disparities, such as obesity and smoking, are strongly associated with asthma risk (CDC, 2016). An epidemiological study from 2001-2010 showed that black childrens rates of asthma grew at almost a 4% yearly rate (Akinbami, Moorman, Simon, Schoendorf, 2014). The study also showed that black children were almost twice as likely to have at least one asthma attack in the past year and over 7 times as likely to die from asthma compared with white children. There are many internal and external factors which contribute to asthma development and aggravation. Internal factors consist of biological predispositions/ resistance to medications, beliefs about asthma severity, symptom detection/alexithymia (not being able identify and describe feelings), stress levels, and emotional/social stability. Black Americans had biological predispositions which showed a decreased response to asthma medications (Gamble, et al. 2010; Akinbami, et al. 2014). Beliefs about asthma, in other words not taking asthma seriously, may contribute to poor symptom detection which may contribute to the development of alexithymia. Stress levels contribute to internal irritation which can lead to asthma development or an asthma attack. Emotional stability relates to stress and may be a result of ones home/school environment. External factors which contribute to asthma were exposure to violence, quality of living/work environment, family/ethnic support, living with a single mother, and living with a smoker. Exposure to violence and living with a single mother were both found to be most relevant to black children (Barile, Edwards, Dhingra, Thompson, 2015). Violence may be found within ones home as well as within ones community. Quality of living/work environments are strongly tied to socioeconomic status both of which are often of poor quality for black individuals. According the United States Census Bureau (2017) Black Americans were the most likely to have only a high school diploma and had the second highest rate of unemployment and poverty. People with lower socioeconomic status (SES) are also more likely to be exposed to toxic living environments such as air/water pollution as well as poor work conditions which are conducive to asthma (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Health-related issues to economic i nstability included stress, sensory impairment, limited educational achievement and adult morbidity/mortality (Knopf et al., 2016). This implies that not only does low economic stability during childhood affect the individual, it may perpetuate the same problem to the next generation. Finally, smoking is a health disparity related to Black Americans (CDC, 2017). Smoking affects air quality and aggravates the lungs of asthmatics, increasing the likelihood of asthma development and attacks (CDC, 2016). Predisposing factors related to asthma were poor asthma knowledge, perception of severity, overall asthma attitude, self-efficacy, and perception of responsibility. A lack of knowledge about asthma can lead to other predisposing factors such as overall attitudes about asthma, severity perception, and possibly self-efficacy (Hopkins Tanne, 2001). Self-efficacy and responsibility perception relate to the performance of maintenance behaviors (Bruzzese, 2012). Enabling factors were available policies/resources which led to a lack of education and influenced asthma perception, transportation, and living/working conditions. Getting access to education may be difficult due to transportation issues and limited resources. Reinforcing factors were family/community support, having a primary doctor, and self-perception. Having social support will aid in performing preventative and maintenance behaviors. Communicating effectively with ones doctor also aids in reinforcement of positive behaviors ( Chiang, Huang, Lu, 2003). After collecting behavioral/environmental data, the two points deemed to be most critical were a lack of asthma education and a lack of social support. Many Black Americans do not have regular doctors, which may relate to their poor levels of, and access to, medical care and information (Hopkins Tanne, 2001). Black Americans are not properly educated on asthma symptomology and therefore may not realize they are suffering from asthma symptoms until symptoms become severe. Further, black children were almost 65% less likely (than white children) to have a follow-up after having an asthma-related emergency room experience (Shields, Comstock, Weiss, 2004). Many of these problems could be solved with effective asthma education (Hopkins Tanne, 2001). Other ramification of a lack of education also manifested in asthma maintenance behaviors. An inverse relationship was found between age and asthma management in black adolescents (Bruzzese, 2012). The older children were, the less likely the y were to effectively schedule taking medication, recognize trigger symptoms, or get help. Although there was a positive correlation with age and perceived responsibility, this may be the result of a disconnect between independence and self-care. This suggests that children with asthma need ongoing education on self-management. Further, mismanagement has been associated with depression, anxiety, (likely related to medical cost and perceived control) and dyspnea (labored breathing which will can make asthma worse) (Baiardini, Sicuro, Balbi, Canonica, Braido, 2015). The other factor targeted by this intervention is social support. Many risk factors of asthma related to a lack of social support such as violence, stress, alexithymia, and low SES (Bellin et al., 2014; Ashley et al., 2017; Baiardini et al., 2015; Akinbami et al., 2014), whereas a significant protective factor is family/ethnic pride (Koinis-Mitchell et al., 2012). A study by Barile et al. (2015) showed that adverse childh ood experiences were associated with lower emotional support, which was associated with a lower health quality of life. Additionally, the study found that low income and high unemployment was associated with lower emotional support. Finally, the study stated that adverse childhood experiences could prevent children from developing social relationships into adulthood. Therefore, childhood environment plays a large role in a childs development and potential. By limiting environmental factors like exposure to education and social support, a childs abilities may be compromised. The proposed intervention will be divided into two components, an educational component and a support component. Each component of the intervention will be geared toward children and parents, with differing curricula. Two different education groups will be administered as parents and children will be taught separately. The first component will be administered in order to educate the target population on asthma severity, prevalence in Black Americans, risk factors, and the importance of maintenance. Maintenance includes (parents) scheduling doctors appointments as well as (children) conducting self-assessment. Self-assessment includes monitoring trigger and asthma symptoms as well as taking medication consistently and responsibly. An effort will be made to explain that ones independence (as they age) means being their own doctor. Additionally, asthma education will include the benefits of performing protective behaviors, such as fewer emergency room visits. The second part of the intervention deals with social support for children. A lack of social support, especially in an environment of violence, can create or exacerbate asthma. Further, children who had a lack of social support have shown to increase in likelihood of developing into an adult with a low SES (Barile et al., 2015). Parents will be taught about the importance of family support and strategies to use inside the home, while ethnic clubs will be offered as a way for children to learn about and take pride in their heritage while making friends. This will create a resource for children in which they celebrate their differences, instead of hiding them, which will increase pride and minimize discrimination. Additionally, children will learn coping techniques that can be used during times of inflammation/isolation. Research by Baiardini et al. (2015) showed that asthmatic people who learned effective coping skills showed less psychological morbidity, greater perception of control , and better disease management. It is also important to look for negative coping efforts, such as avoidance which may indicate risk of emotional instability. This program will take place in community centers in the tri-state area (New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut) which should be easily accessible to community members. The tri-state area will be the preliminary location of the intervention due to its diversity in education, income, and culture (United States Census Bureau, 2009). The educational and support programs will be bi-weekly programs which will alternate programming (between the two components) based on the week; the program will last for four months. However, the childrens clubs (support component for children) will be held weekly. Each component will be taught by a qualified black professional (a black doctor will teach the educational component, a black psychologist/social worker will teach the social support component, and a black cultural educator will be in charge of ethnic clubs) as race may also serve as an additional barrier to asthma education or implementation of positive asthma behaviors (as they will better unde rstand their audiences cultural needs). In order for program effectiveness to be measured, data will be collected during the first, eighth, and final week of the program. Data will be used for formative and outcome evaluation. Data collection will consist of qualitative and quantitative data. Participants will be given surveys (Perceived Support Scale, Brief-Coping Orientation of Problem Experienced (COPE) inventory scale) to fill out as well as have a saliva test to test relevant biomarkers (cortisol and C-reactive protein). It is anticipated that this intervention will yield improvement of 15% over baseline over the course of the program. Improvements of a lesser scale will be further interrogated for variables that may require modification for ideal success. If the program produces significant results, the program will expand to other states across the country. Where applicable, the program will be tailored to account for unique variables (i.e. travel, participant disability) to maximize success. Further, there will be continuous yearly follow-ups to make sure programs are still being run appropriately while still proving effective, which will be used for impact and process evaluation. Instructors as well as community/civic center staff will be evaluated on their maintenance of the program in accordance with intended implementation; further, yearly data reports of the program will be analyzed to assess the programs standing and possible need for refinement. The only resources necessary for this intervention are a community center and black healthcare professionals. Because this is purely an educational intervention it should not conflict with any legislation. Although this study provided an in-depth analysis of relevant factors in asthma development and exacerbation, certain environmental factors like poverty were not explicitly part of the intervention plan. The intervention aids in education, which is often a limited resource as a result of poverty; however, asthma education will not help improve ones living or work conditions. Because the environmental conditions and legislature for each state is different, certain organizations are recommended as resources in order to minimize ones exposure to environmental irritants, such as the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (which has blogs and podcasts about reducing allergens in ones environment)(NIEHS, 2018) and the Environmental Protection Agency (which provides networks for community-based interventions as well as lists of local and national agencies that are asthma resources) (EPA, 2018), as well as looking into ones state policies regarding asthma. Asthma is a disease which disproportionally impacts black children and whose effects may still be felt into adulthood. Risk factors for asthma include race/ethnicity, poverty, parental education level, health insurance coverage, environmental (air) quality, living with a smoker, premature birth/ early antibiotic use, Alexithymia, stress, violence, and lack of social support. Through analysis of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, education and social support were deemed the two most influential factors in asthma related health; therefore, a dual-component intervention was proposed for children and adults. As individuals learn the importance of asthma rates, risks, and symptoms as well as the necessity of family/community support the asthma rates of Black Americans will decrease.

Throughout the world the majority of people identified...

Throughout the world the majority of people identified with disabilities have been overlooked, hidden and ridiculed in the community (AHRC, 2013). Australian history demonstrates that in ‘dealing’ with this issue many individuals with disabilities have been placed in institutions and/or prisons and by sterilising many young girls (AHRC, 2013). The recent concern presented by Federal disability commissioner Graeme Inns, of the rise in sterilisation in young girls with disabilities begs the question of if the rights of these young girls are being adhered to (ABC, 2012). This case study will examine the legal and ethical issues whilst also discussing the rights of an individual with a disability. By analysing the Australian Common and Family†¦show more content†¦The legal perspective of all parents of children who are dependent on them is outlined in Part VII of the Family Law Act (ComLaw, 2013). Sections 63E and F of the Act determine the definition of custody and guardianship and specify that unless there is a command that opposes this, both parents are a custodian and have combined guardianship of their children (ComLaw, 2013). With custodial authority being limited to the rights to make decisions concerning daily care and control of their children, it is the concept of guardianship, along with long-term and common law rights, responsibilities and duties, that is of relevance to the issue of consent to medical procedures including sterilisation (Harrison, 2009). In deciding what is in the best interest of a child, the Family Law Act requires a court to take into account two tiers of considerations – primary considerations and additional considerations (Forrester Griffiths, 2009). These considerations include the benefit to children of meaningful relationships with both parents and the need to protect children from physical or psychological harm (Forrester Griffiths, 2009). The considerations that are most important in relation to the scenario, are the child’s views and factors that might affect those views, such as the child’s maturity and level of understanding and the likely effect on the child of changed circumstances (Harrison, 2009). Another serious legal concern surrounding thisShow MoreRelatedConcussions Are Becoming Less Of An Issue Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesready to get back onto the field. Coaches, doctors, and parents are getting worried about the safety of their kids and are skeptical about letting them continue in sports. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children around the world and accounts for approximately half of all trauma deaths (Di et al. 2). Only about ninety-percent of traumatic brain injuries are considered mild injuries, but the effects from them are still severe. Traumatic brain injuries are anyRead MoreInclusive Education For Children With Disabilities And Special Educational Needs2478 Words   |  10 Pageseducational practice and policy development around the globe (Farrell and Ainscow, 2002). Presently, the Education of youngsters and children with disabilities and special educational needs (SEN) is a well-recognized primary objective of policies in several countries (Lindsay, 2007). The policy and legislative trends from previous three to four decades have shown an apparent move from the approval of the orthodoxy of the segregated education of children with SEN. The United States opened new ways ofRead MoreMulti Cultural Education And Educational Achievement2269 Words   |  10 Pageswithin your classroom, you would need to implement a series of strategies that would address the diverse range of under-represented groups within the curriculum. Not purely focusing on race and culture, this would also include women and those with disabilities who were more often than not, forgotten about in years gone by. For example, celebrating ‘Black History Month’ once a year is not enough. There needs to be a constant inclusion of diverse cultures and histories, as doing so will only help to combatRead MoreWhat Measures Should Be Taken By Tourism2450 Words   |  10 Pages What measures should be taken by tourism businesses to improve the way in which they serve Chinese travellers? Why should these measures be widely adopted? Over the last decade, China has been by far the fastest-growing outbound tourism market in the world and the Chinese market is one of the tourism sector’s major growth opportunities. Due to rapid economic growth, rising disposable incomes and loosening restrictions on foreign travel by the government, the volume of international trips byRead MoreOutline and Evaluate the View That the Nuclear Family Has a Negative Impact Upon Its Members.2993 Words   |  12 Pages21st century to cohabit (an unmarried couple living together and having a sexual relationship).In 2012 there were 18.2 million families in the UK. Of these, 12.2 million consisted of a married couple with or without children. It is in fact 50% of people in the UK who cohabit and the number of opposite sex cohabiting couple families has increased significantly, from 1.5 million in 1996 to 2.9 million in 2012. However, there are other types of families: extended family, unconventional families; singleRead MoreEssay on Classification of Gifted and Talented Students3644 Words   |  15 PagesClassification of Gifted and Talented Students Many people have varying views on what classifies a student as gifted and talented. According to the Office of Gifted and Talented, six qualities determine giftedness. These qualities are intellectual ability as well as talent, scoring in the 97th percentile and above on aptitude tests, creative thinking, leadership ability, talents in the fine arts, and psychomotor abilities. Using the definition supplied by Bruce User, â€Å"a school system couldRead MoreEsl Vs. Ell Student2140 Words   |  9 PagesIt has been estimated that by the year 2025, approximately one out of every public school student will be identified as an ESL/ELL student in the United States. ESL stands for English as a Second Language and ELL stands for English Language Learner. An ESL/ELL student can be defined as a student whose predominant language or languages at home, is other than English, and would require additional English language support to develop reading, writing, listening and speaking skills. The difference betweenRead MoreRecruit Select and Induction6984 Words   |  28 Pages1. INTRODUCTION ________________________________________ As a Human Resource consultant for Optus I have been approached by my Managing Director to examine and analyse the company’s existing recruitment, selection and induction system including the RSI policies, procedures and find how these link in with the organisations strategic plans. Throughout this report I will analyse exactly how our RSI system compares to bets practice and give recommendations and to how we can improve on areas whichRead MoreDescription Of An Example Of A Presentation8050 Words   |  33 Pageswith a disability. Assistive Technology Service - ­Ã¢â‚¬  any service that directly assists a child with a disability in the selection, acquisition or use of an assistive technology device. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) – a severe difficulty in focusing and maintaining attention; often leads to learning and behavior problems at home, school, and work; also called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Autism (Autism Society of America Home Page) Autism is a complex developmental disability thatRead MoreExploring the Relationship Between Physical Health and Mental Health for the Person with Dementia.5918 Words   |  24 Pagesout daily activities. Alongside this decline, individuals may develop behavioural and psychological symptoms such as depression, psychosis, aggression and wandering, which complicate care and can occur at any stage of the illness. Family carers of people with dementia are often old and frail themselves with high levels of depression and physical illness† (DOH 2009) The following Essay will consider the relationship and impact between physical health and a diagnosis of dementia, for the person with

American Correctional Policies Free Essays

The main focus of the juvenile justice systems has always been rehabilitation of the offender. However, this principle has been criticized by some sociologists prompting research activities on the most appropriate method of dealing with juvenile delinquency. Steiner and Wright (2006) carried out a research to determine the effectiveness of tougher penalties on certain cases of juvenile delinquency. We will write a custom essay sample on American Correctional Policies or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to their study, Steiner and Wright the more strict penalties introduced in the late 20th century had no impacts on the rate of juvenile delinquency and recidivism. A similar study by the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2004) indicated that there is no evidence of the effectiveness of the therapeutic foster care intervention programs in dealing with juvenile delinquency. This program was introduced to assists delinquent youths who are unable to live with their parent. However, the program recommended that young people with chronic deviant behaviors should be put under a foster parent who is trained to handle such individuals. Although the findings of the two studies are essential in formulation of correctional policies, it is important to note that both studies do not consider the factors that forced the juvenile to commit the crime before looking at the effectiveness of the programs. There is no doubt that every case of juvenile delinquency should be addressed separately if intervention programs have to be effective. Reference Cocozza, J. Skowyra, K. (2002). â€Å"Youth with mental health disorders: issues and emerging responses. † Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Journal, 7(1), pp 3-13. MMWR (2004) Therapeutic foster care for the prevention of violence: A report on recommendations of the task force on community preventive services, CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53 (RR-10). Steiner, B. , Wright, E. (2006). â€Å"Assessing the relative effects of state direct file waiver laws on violent juvenile crime: Deterrence or irrelevance? † The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 96(4), pp 1451-1477. Part two: Abstract Policies that are geared towards restoration of justice have been common in the criminal justice systems in the United States. These policies have progressively found their way into the juvenile justice systems in many states. These policies are aimed at balancing the interests of the juvenile offenders and the victims of the offences. There are several studies that have been carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of these programs in the juvenile justice systems. This paper is aimed at examining the restorative justice policies in the juvenile justice systems which has concluded that this approach has been adopted by almost all states in the country in the recent past. Reference Pavelka, S. (2008). â€Å"Restorative Juvenile Justice Legislation And Policy: A National Assessment,† International Journal of Restorative Justice, 4(2) pp 100-118 http://www. restorativejustice. org/legislative-assembly/15statutes-cases-regulations-and-recommendations-from-national-regional-and-intergovernmental-bodies/restorative-justice-and-the-law/statutes/restorative-juvenile-justice-legislation-and-policy-a-national-assessement. How to cite American Correctional Policies, Papers

Patient Care for Theory and Clinical Approach - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePatient Care for Theory and Clinical Approach. Answer: One of the most fundamental human rights and moral obligation is human dignity. All human beings deserve a dignified life. This is something that has been emphasized over and over in the nursing profession. Nevertheless, there are still other issues that still need to be addressed. The nature of the patients human dignity is still a challenge within the clinical setting (Journal of Patient Care, 2017). One of the most striking issues in the nursing profession has to do with patient care. How patients are taken care of is very important. The rights need to be observed even though they may be helpless as patients. The main issue in this area has been a violation of patients' rights. This violation of the health care has more to do with how patients are treated. Issues to do with disrespect towards patients have been rampant. This has been a serious factor that has contributed to the lowering the dignity of the patients within the society. Patients rights have been heavily violated (Ehr lich, 2015). If patients rights can properly be addressed, then this will help in bringing a common good both for the nurses as well as for the patients and above all the society at large. Patients care deserves more attention. This calls for efficiency, competence, and morality on the part of the nurses. Nurses must be morally upright persons if they are to serve properly in bringing the common good to the entire society(Helm, 2015). It is a serious human rights issue. Human dignity is pegged on this aspect and as such, it is a serious issue. Human dignity is often seen to be trampled upon going by the manner in which patient care is approached and handled in various sectors within this profession. A violation of patient's right is widespread as it includes up to civil and political rights of the patients in various sectors of the healthcare system. In order to address these abuses that undermine human dignity, it is important that a framework is put in place to monitor, to document and to analyze these abuses within the setting of the patients care. Factors that contribute to poor patients care are both medical and non-medical. In order to address those that are medical, it is important to ensure that proper communication is established between the patients or their families and the nurses. This is the only sure way to which all of the patient's concerns can be addressed effectively. It is also important for nursing students to gain enough competence during their training process(James, 2013). Lack of competence has been noted to be a serious factor leading to improper patience care which then results in issues to do with indignity. Addressing issues result in the dignity of the human person have serious consequences to the entire society if not quickly and properly addressed. It is essential that these be addressed. Adopting a system that is patient-oriented is also very important in this regard. This is the only way by which efficiency of operations can be guaranteed(James, 2013). This will make it possible to address all of the patient's rights thus making it easy to avoid unethical practices that may arise out of using a system that is not patient-oriented. In order to address these challenges, it is important that nurses meet their standard of practice. Since nurses are mandated to take care of clients, it is important that they take action whenever problems that impact clients arise (Ehrlich, 2015).It is the responsibility of the nurses to communicate with their employers in a more concise manner and to collaborate with them in the resolving these issues whenever they occur. More often, it has been observed that certain issues that arise within the nursing profession as well as within the clinical setting to be specific tend not to the required. These issues are normally covered and not addressed. Lack of addressing these issues brings about uncertainty within the health sector. For the common good to be achieved, it is important that these issues that result in the realization of the common good be addressed effectively. These issues if properly addresses can lead to a greater good within the society. It is evident that nurses, as well as other stakeholders within this profession, often feel uncomfortable addressing these issues given the ethical issues that surround them. However, it is important that patients care is handled keenly in the best way possible. References Ehrlich, R. A. (2015). Empathy in Patient Care. Ohio: Springer. Helm, W. (2015). Patient Care: Theory and Clinical Approach. UK: Oxford University Press. James, H. (2013). Improving Patient Care. Chicago: Penguin. Journal of Patient Care. (2017). Patient Care. Retrieved October 22, 2017, from https:/www.omicsonline.org/patient-care.php Mitchell, P. H. (2016). Fundamental Concepts and Skills for the Patient care technicians. Chicago: CRC Press.