William-Sanoma case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

William-Sanoma - Case Study Example However, as the case reflects the thoughts of Connolly, the executive vice president of the company, had to face challenges when he realized the importance of e-commerce being a major part of the company’s operations. In spite of the resistances, he kept his focus on the implementation of effective e-commerce facilities and was ultimately successful in creating an internet team with intensions to bring all the products of the company online to their customers. This implies the growing understanding of the uses of the internet facilities that Connolly and was determined to incorporate in the business (â€Å"E-commerce at Williams-Sonoma†). Michel Dunn too accepted the challenges in the context of building up the operational plans for the acceptance and implementation of the internet system implying the efforts undertaken towards integrating the different functional areas into coordination with the internet system. Participation was required by all the members that were focused by Connolly and Dunn. Thus, several websites addressing the needs of the customers started being initiated by the company that gradually took a significant position in the company’s management system (â€Å"E-commerce at Williams-Sonoma†). E-commerce is not only useful in online buying and selling but it also provides access to larger markets globally with lesser expenses and reaching out to large target market in much lesser time as well (Rainer & Cegielski, 206). The company has successfully recognized the internet as being one of the most effective means of communication in the present world (Tapscott, 4). Nandkeolyar, the Vice President of the e-commerce, taking initiatives in the company’s incorporation of the internet technology has reflected further challenges on the part of the technology on which the entire processes of e-business had to be dependent. The design needed to be focused on the products that the

Instruction Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Instruction Groups - Essay Example Thus, the teacher may have a number of high achievers in one group and low achievers in another. Students enter the system with varied levels of reading abilities and mathematical skills. Hence, it is common for teachers to practice within-class groupings for the teaching of Reading and Mathematics. Flexible grouping encompasses the arrangement of students based on their learning levels. Hence, students may not remain in the same group for an entire semester. The teacher closely monitors students’ progress to ascertain when students may have improved in a particular subject area. This student is then placed in a group that contains members of similar aptitude. However, a student may be excellent in one subject area yet weak in another. Regardless of the type of grouping used, the teacher should establish only two or three groups within the class for easier supervision and timely intervention. Each group should work on material that is suited to their unique needs and abilities. Some situations in which whole group instruction may occur include storytelling, the introduction of new concepts, ideas and skills, writing composition, poetry appreciation, dramatization of a story and the generation of a language experience chart. Specifically, there is a lure about story-telling that equalizes all students irrespective of their reading level or their ability in any other content area. For example in the telling of the story of Little Red Riding Hood, the teacher could read aloud this story, varying the intonation of the voice in order to portray different characters. All the students are allowed to participate in this session. However, at the end of the reading of the story, students can be divided into groups based on their ability or skill. Thus, the teacher of a third grade class for example, may ask each ability group to write a different ending to the story. At the end of the writing period, the

knockout mouse

knockout mouse Knockout Mouse 1. Introduction Generally, DNA was first transferred by design into an organism and expressed as protein, therefore the potential of the tool that was being discovered must be found quickly by the scientist. Early experiments were limited to bacteria and viruses, but soon after the field of experiments were enlarged to those on animals and plants. (E.Hill, 2002). This topic, â€Å"knockout mouse† relates to the field of genetic engineering which further delves into a more specific technique called transgenic technology. â€Å"Knockoutscience.com†(2009) analyses that transgenic technology refers to the alteration of a certain genomic DNA of an organism in genetic engineering. As the result, both offspring of a transgenic organism and the parents (homozygous) will share the same genotype. The most common type of transgenic organism used in research is the knockout mouse, thoughknockout rats andknockout rabbits have also been developed. A knockout mouse defines a mouse which is being genetically engineered by turning off one or more genes through a process called gene knockout. â€Å"Genome.gov â€Å"also explains that a knockout mouse is a laboratory mouse in which researchers have inactivated, an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an simulated piece of DNA. The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouses phenotype, which includes appearance, activities and other observable physical and biochemical characters. â€Å"Knockoutscience.com† (2009) also elucidates that it has become routine to develop knockout mice with disruptions in specific genes. By observing the resulting phenotype, scientists are able to view the effects of this gene disruption from these knockout mice. It is true to say that the phenotype is a direct result of the gene knockout and can offer evidences as to the biological role of the gene, but rarely the phenotype can also be the result of compensatory or indirect effects of the gene knockout. Sometimes the result obtained in a phenotype can be completely unrelated to the disrupted gene. Additionally, some gene knockouts create alethal phenotypewhere the organism fails to develop in utero, making in vivo studies exceedingly difficult. It was claimed that this technique may help to solve dopamine-related neurological illnesses.(Carol A.T, 1996) The technique allows transgenic animals that lack of a certain gene or its associated protein product to grow. In experiments with mice, researchers were able to knockout the animals dopamine transporters, causing the mice to behave as if they had been given huge doses of cocaine or amphetamine. Walinski.H(2009) states that knockout mice have different way of uses. First, the specific functions of particular genes can be tested and the regulation of these particular genes can be observed. The effects of a particular gene can be determined by examining what is happening in anin vivo model, we are able to determine the effects a particular gene may have. These effects would be impossible to observe in a culture dish. Another useful application of knockout technology is in biomedical research and drug development. Knockout mouse can be used to study the evolution of thousands of genetically based diseases at the molecular level in order to seek for the best medications that act on that gene. For Example, Lili.X and Asok.C (2005 ) both agree that Duffy positive and Duffy knockout mice have revealed both human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax and mouse malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii by using parasite invasion. Furthermore, the knockout technology may lead to the discovery of the next generation of blockbuster therapies for curing numerous diseases based on novel targets from the human genome. 2. Background Genetics Timeline for the key events in the history of knockout mouse 1900 Japanese fancy mice became mutant resources for mouse genetics. 1915- The first verterbrate linkage (mapping) was discovered between albino (c) and pink-eyed dilution (p) loci in the mouse. 1923- Discovery of X-ray induced mutations in mouse before the phenomenon was confirmed in fruit-flies. 1980- Specific-locus tests were conducted extensively in the mouse with various chemical mutagens, including N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). 1981-1991- knockout mice are established. 1981- The first embryo stem (ES) cell was identified in the mouse. Martin Evans and Matt Kaufman in Cambridge, U.K., isolate mouse embryonic stem cells, which can develop into the full range of tissues. 1982-Transgenic mouse technology was established through the generation of the â€Å"giant mouse† mutant. 1985- Introduction of the Cre-loxP system by Brian Sauer act as temporal control of transgenic gene expression. 1987- Mario Capecchis team at the University of Utah describes a method for making knockout mice, as does Oliver Smithiess group at the University of Wisconsin. 1989- First knockout mouse was made by combining ES cell and gene-targeting technologies. 2007- International Knockout Mouse Consortium was organized and the Banbury II meeting was held in Brussels, Belgium. Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine was awarded for the development of mouse knockout techonologies. 3. Genetic Technique There are several method to produce knockout mouse, such as gene deletion, homologous recombination method, pronuclear microinjection and gene targeting. However, only gene targeting will be mentioned herein. Gene Targeting is the elimination or alteration of a genes function. One of the advantages of gene targeting is a mutant allele can be mended by substituting a wild-type allele over the mutant one in its normal chromosomal location, and such technique known as gene replacement. In this way, both position effect and the DNA rearrangements associated with ectopic insertion can be prevented, as a single replication of the gene is inserted in its normal chromosomal environmental. (Griffiths.A and Susan R.Wessler,etc, 2008). 4. Social Issues Recently, the evaluation of animal and human welfare as it may be affected by biotechnology is becoming a hot issue. The lack of an conscience and the information of the processes involved is one of the most important fact. ( Marie.B, 1997) Marie.B (1997) also states that the moral evaluation process is complicated by the fact that many techniques and developments in biotechnology are appropriate for patent. Some of the biotechnologists are reluctant to reveal appropriate information is understandable. Therefore, education concerning transgenic animal care and utilize is indeed very importance, involving the careful consideration of the reasons for manipulating the genome of any organism as genetic engineering is a dangerous and sensitive social issue. ( Marie.B, 1997) Pros and Cons of Knockout Mouse Advantages Disadvantages Provides important clues about what that gene normally does because human share many genes with mice. (Genome.gov, 2009) Limitation of the utility of knockout mice as models of human disease. (Walinski.H, 2004) Gives better understanding and observation of the characteristics of knockout mice. ( Genome.gov, 2009) The lack of adult mice limits studies to embryonic development and makes it more difficult to determine a genes function in relation to human health. ( Genome.gov, 2009) Gives information that can be used to better understand how a similar gene may cause or contribute disease in human. ( Genome, 2009) The gene that being examined might serve a different function in adults than in developing embryos, giving a false information. (Genome, 2009) Useful in studying and modeling different kinds of cancer, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson disease. Fails to produce an observable change in a mouse or may even produce a different characteristics from those observed in humans in which the same gene is inactivated. ( Genome.gov, 2009) Offers a biological context in which drugs and other therapies can be developed and tested. Producing custom knockout mice is very expensive. It can be from 3000 to as much as 30,000 (Walinski.H, 2004) Useful in drug development and helps to discover the next generation of blockbuster therapies for curing numerous diseases based on novel targets from the humane genome. (Walinski.H, 2004) The cost of equipping and maintaining such a facility is usually very high. ( Walinski.H, 2009) 5.0: Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear that knockout mouse offer a lot of benefits for us. Therefore, a thorough discussion of biotechnology issues is needed, as concurrence must be practiced as to protect transgenic animals. The field of transgenic animal biotechnology is likely to rise as the techniques develop further and will link to more applications by using many more animal species. Thus, it is important that the welfare and ethical concerns must continue to evolve. (Marie.B, 1997) In short, technology essentials together with thoughtful ethical decision-making are equally important to maintain the balance of living creatures. 6.0: Bibliography * Connor A.B, 2007, Schematic and Time Line for the Generation of Knockout Mice, Viewed 25 January 2010, http://web.mit.edu/ki/facilities/transgenic/services/timeline-complete.pdf * Davidson, NC 28036, Homologous Recombination Knockout Mouse, Department of Biology, Davidson College, viewed 15 January 2010, http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/genomics/method/homolrecomb.html. * Eisen, Eugene J, 2005, Mouse in Animal Genetics and Breeding Research, viewed 25 January 2010, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/sunway/docDetail.action?docID=10173945p00=knockout+mouse * Garagna, S, 2004, Mouse Genetics after the Mouse Genome, Viewed 25 January 2010, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/sunway/docDetail.action?docID=10070304p00=knockout+mouse * Genome.gov, 2009, Knockout Mice, Viewed 25 January 2010, http://www.genome.gov/12514551 * Genoway ( 2006), Gene deletion, conditional knockout mouse, viewed 11 february 2010, http://www.genoway.com/conditional_knock_out_mouse.htm * Griffiths.A.J, Wessler.S.R, Lewontin.R.C and Carroll.S.B (2008), Introduction to genetic analysis, W.H,Freeman and Company, England. * â€Å"Google docs†, 2010, Gene targeting construct, Viewed 25 January 2010, http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:j6mj7wNqd7gJ:tmc.ctrl.ucla.edu/targeting.pdf+history+knockout+mousehl=engl=my * Hudson, 2010, Taconic enters marketing pact with Transposagen Bio for knockout rat models, viewed 25 January 2010, http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=53683sectionid= * Marie.B (1997) Transgenic animlas, viewed 11 february 2010,http://www.ccac.ca/en/Current/Current_Transgenic.htm * National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2007, What is transgenic technology? Viewed 15 January 2010, http://www.knockoutscience.com/ * Research Resources, n.d., Transgenic Knockout Mouse, viewed 25 January 2010, http://www.cellmigration.org/resource/komouse/protocols/mouse_timeline.pdf * â€Å"University of California†, n.d., Transgenic and Gene Targeting Core, viewed 25 January 2010, http://cancer.ucsd.edu/tgm/genetargeting.asp#timeline * Table, http://www.knockoutmouse.org/ * Tamminga, Carol A. Molecular biology, I: a mouse knockout. (molecular technique called gene knockout which allows the development of animals that lack a certain gene and its associated protein product).American Journal of Psychiatry153.11 (1996): 1387.Academic OneFile. Web. 6 Feb. 2010. . * Twyman. R, 2003, Knockout Mice: The inactivation of a specific gene in a mouse, viewed on 15 January 2010, http://genome,wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD021038.html * Walinski.H, 2004, Studying Gene Function: Creating Knockout Mice, viewed on 25 January 2010, http://www.scq.ubc.ca/studying-gene-function-creating-knockout-mice/ * Walter E.Hill. , 2002, Genetic Engineering, Taylor Francis, Biddles LTd, Guildford and Kings Lynn, Great Britain. * â€Å"Wikipedia†, 2009, Knockout Mouse, viewed on 15 January 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_mouse * Xu, Lili, and Asok Chaudhuri. Plasmodium yoelii: A differential fluorescent technique using Acridine Orange to identify infected erythrocytes and reticulocytes in Duffy knockout mouse.Experimental Parasitology110.1 (2005): 80+.Academic OneFile. Web. 6 Feb. 2010. . * Y. Gondo (2008), Trends in large-scale mouse mutagenesis: from genetics to functional genomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9(10):803-810., http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/Knockout-mice-timeline-6638351, Viewed On 11 February 2010.

adam smith Essays -- essays research papers fc

Views of Adam Smith Adam Smith had many views that helped in making the world what it is today. I can’t imagine what the world would be like if there weren’t thinkers like Adam Smith. Our career as Pharmacists is a great example of this. What would we be working so hard for if we made the same amount of money as a trash man? He had many other views that were just as important. Adam Smith believed that a nation's wealth was not derived by how much they had in resources, or in an exchangeable commodity, but rather by the labor that its residents produce. "The annual labor of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences which it annually consumes." (Wealth of Nations, p. 1) He stated that a nation could increase the efficiency of the potential of its people by increasing these two aspects of the work force: (a) Skill, dexterity, and judgement with which labor is applied, and (b) Proportion of those employed in useful labor to those not so employed. For the first aspect, Smith noted that the best way to increase the efficiency of labor is the division of labor. The division of labor is the central factor in Smith’s theory of economic growth. Division of labor is the splitting of a large task into smaller tasks and then having one person be responsible for only one or two of the smaller tasks, which leads to an increase in productivity and stimulates the entire growth cycle, which increases the efficiency of the whole task. The division of labor and the accumulation of capital are what Adam Smith believed to be the driving forces of economic growth in any nation. He found that when the division of labor had broken down the production of almost any commodity into a series of simple operations it was more natural for tools and machinery to be invented that replace hand labor and expedite the entire production process, thereby increasing worker productivity. This increased productivity, combined with the growing capital stock to increase national output, enables a society to enjoy higher levels of consumption, resulting in a genuine rise in the â€Å"wealth of the nation† according to Smith. Adam Smith stated that the value of all things is based on the amount of labor that must be produced to gain it. He believed that the price of an object could be split into three parts: r... ...ner the market, and leave the consumers with a mediocre product. In response to tightened importation laws, he wrote that a strong foreign trade system would be the only way to provide good products to the English public. Adam Smith was accurately seeing the future of the world’s commerce. He saw that as producers tried to make more and more money, they were forced to cut corners. This, as a result, lead to products that were not as good as they should be. He knew that the way to improve product quality in Great Britain was to import goods from other counties. Adam Smith had many very important views. He had set ways that he thought things should have been and he spent his life explaining these views and trying to get others to see things as he did. Many people supported and accepted his views, while others completely disagreed with him. Whether or not you agree or disagree with his views, you have to admit that Adam Smith is very important even in the world today. Works Cited Bibliography 1. Heilbroner, Robert, Teachings From The Worldly philosophy, 1st ed. (Norton, 1997) â€Å"Wealth of the Nations†. Smith, Adam www.history.edu/adamsmith/views. (Accessed 4-1-02)

Charismatic Leadership Essay

Abstract This essay gives an overview of various leadership types and focuses on the charismatic leadership. It attempts to explain the charismatic leadership process with an example of Mahatma Gandhi as a charismatic leader. It goes further and explores the attributes that a charismatic leader possesses. The essay also tries to find out various effects of charismatic leadership on the organization. While mentioning the positive effects of the charismatic leadership, it also investigates the â€Å"dark† side of the charismatic leadership. After reading the essay the readers are expected to have gained enough familiarity with this kind of leadership and at the end of the essay I would like to put forth a couple of questions regarding charismatic leadership which have remained unanswered after reading the material I have cited. Introduction Any type of organization runs successfully when it is piloted by a skillful and influential leader. While leaders motivate their followers, it is not the only thing leaders can do. A good leader can structure the organization in the way he wants. He represents the culture of the organization and most importantly, it has been observed that effective leaders posses a capacity to increase the productivity of the organization. Various scholars categorize leadership styles in a different way. Lewin (1939) classifies leadership styles in three categories: Autocratic Leadership, Democratic Leadership and Delegative (Laissez-Faire) Leadership [1]. Max Weber classifies leaders as Bureaucratic Leader, Traditional Leaders and Charismatic Leaders [2]. In  1978 Burns defined yet another classification: Transactional Leaders and Transformational Leaders [2]. Burns Transformational Leadership is similar to Charismatic Leadership style proposed by Weber. Since 1978 a lot of research has been done on various aspects of charismatic leadership. In this essay I would like to focus on charismatic leadership, its attributes and traits in charismatic leaders. What is charismatic leadership? Weber defines charismatic leadership as â€Å"resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him† [3]. He envisaged religious leaders like Jesus as charismatic leaders. Later researches considered various social-political leaders like Mahatma Gandhi as charismatic leaders. Dictators like Hitler also had some charismatic traits. These were the leaders with exceptional qualities which made them almost god-like for their followers. The charm of such people made their followers go behind these leaders without questioning them. While analyzing such a strong bond between the leaders and his followers Weber focuses on the social patterns and conditions under which the leader exists. However, the later researches throw light on the psychological attributes of the leaders which make them successful charismatic leaders. Research shows that charismatic leaders appeal strongly to the values of the followers and it is this psychological bondage between the two which makes the charismatic leadership succeed. Neither the sociologically oriented Weberian approach nor the psychological approach alone can explain charismatic leaders. The approaches together, however, give the better analysis of charismatic leadership. Charismatic Leadership Process Charismatic leadership process is seen as a compound product of three  factors: The leader and his attributes, the social situation which demands for such a leader and the interaction between the leader and his followers. Charismatic leadership process undergoes six steps from the rise of the leader to the final routinization and thus the fall of the leader [4]. I would like to identify Mahatma Gandhi as a charismatic leader and explain these six steps with an example of his leadership in India’s non-violent freedom movement. Step 1: Identification This step takes place from the composite mixture of the three factors mentioned above. It is a stage where the aspiring leader is on the social horizon; the followers are in distress and are looking forward to someone who will identify himself with their problems. The social situation is increasingly getting worsened in this stage. This is the time when the leader establishes him as a potential leader but the followers, by large, remain passive. In Gandhi’s leadership this can be said to have taken place during the years 1915-1920 when Gandhi was back to India from a successful movement in South Africa. India had no tall leader whom it could depend on and Gandhi’s charisma was just started showing its colors (Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha) [5]. Step 2: Activity Arousal In this step the leader arouses the follower to become the part of the change. Followers who were passive admirers of the leader till the earlier phase become active supporters of the leader and the cause for which he is identifying himself. The longer this stage lasts the longer is a span of the charismatic leadership. In Gandhi’s case this step lasted from 1920 till 1930. Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement in 1921 is a precise example of activity arousal stage where he awakened the whole country to rise against the British rule [6]. Step 3: Commitment Commitment stage in the charismatic leadership is without any doubt the most  interesting step in the process. This step takes the charismatic leadership at the peak and at the same time this is the phase when the charismatic leader starts losing his charisma. This step starts by demonstrating the extreme commitment of the leader towards the goal and same commitment from the followers towards the leader. This demonstration often takes the shape of some kind of sacrifice on the part of the leader or impending danger on the leader. This sacrifice or danger makes the image of the leader as courageous and dedicated in the eyes of many followers. Interestingly, this same act makes some of the elite followers disillusioned and they start suspecting their leader as pompous and hypocrite. This is the stage where the leadership can be bifurcated into two categories as a personalized leadership and socialized leadership. The first type of leadership tends to become authoritarian and exploita tive. The second type of leader is more egalitarian and he will share power and responsibility with others. In either way, the personalized leader will become dictator and will lose his charisma and the socialized type of leader will help routinizing the leadership! The example for personalized leader can be of Hitler who ultimately became a dictator. Gandhi can be seen as a fusion of both types with definitive inclination towards socialized type of leadership. For Gandhi the commitment stage can be said to have lasted from 1930 to 1935. Salt Satyagraha can be considered as the peak of his charisma and the diplomatic failure at the Round Table Conference can be seen as the first symbol of the next step of the disenchantment [7]. Step 4: Disenchantment This phase is quite unavoidable and sometimes even intentional on the part of the leader. Many times social structure brings the disenchantment stage. Sometimes, because the leaders themselves know that they are not immortal, they try to bring the routinization in the leadership. This routinization brings the feel of loss of goal to some followers. This step may lose some of the strongest followers from the leader. This step is also an outcome of  the scenario when the leader seems to be failing. As the charismatic leaders are not very good at the formal procedural leadership [4] more routinization brings more failure and more disenchantment of the followers. In Gandhi’s case disenchantment started from 1933 and lasted till 1938 in which stage he lost many of his old followers like Subhas Chandra Bose [8]. However this is the phase where the process of routinization seemed to have taken place distinctly. Step 5: Depersonalization This step is a logical follower of the earlier step of disenchantment. Disenchantment starts because of routinization and it leads to the depersonalization and formalization of the leadership. The leadership style becomes more and more like bureaucratic leadership. The leader starts delegating his tasks to his followers. This phase comes in Gandhi’s leadership during 1938-1942. This is the period when he made it clear that Jawaharlal Nehru will be his political heir. It is the time when he withdrew himself partly from the active politics [9]. Step 6: Alienation This is a process of disintegration of the three factors mentioned in the beginning which had come together in phase one. In this step, due to the formalization and bureaucratization of the leadership, charismatic leadership becomes increasingly redundant. The followers feel that the organization and the leader are going away from the initial goal and thus they start alienating  themselves from the organization and the charisma of the leader fades as the social situation which has made him appeal to the masses has changed. This stage does not necessarily mean the failure of the leader. In many cases, having achieved the goal for which the charismatic leader had risen, the leader becomes redundant for his followers and the goal itself becomes redundant for the leader. Years 1942-1948 show this phase in Gandhi’s leadership. Though Gandhi remained popular and worshiped leader of India till his assassination, his charisma faded gradually in his last years [10]. Attributes of Charismatic leaders After having described what is charismatic leadership and how does it work, it is interesting to find out what makes one a charismatic leader. What are the attributes that a charismatic leader posses or what are the traits which make someone a potential charismatic leader? It is clear from the above discussion that the actual rise of such a leader is a composite function of various variables. However, this section will try to describe the personal traits that make a person a potential leader. There are some attributes which are exhibited by a person at his childhood or adolescence which make a person potential charismatic leader. This statement is quite ambitious and somewhat exaggerated. However, the converse of the sentence is true. The research shows that charismatic leaders do show some specific pattern of behavior at their adolescence [11]. Parental Attachment Style and Parental Psychological Control [11] It has been observed that a way a child is attached to his parents in his adolescence plays important role shaping him as an effective charismatic leader. It is seen that young adult securely attached to his parents tends to form a positive relationship with his followers in the later life. Many of the qualities possessed by a charismatic leader such as self-confidence, self-esteem are also found in a child who has a parental attachment style which is secure, autonomous and displays relatedness. These attributes are considered as positive attributes in parental attachment style for the development of a charismatic leader. It is also obvious that these qualities in the parental attachment style make the child emerging to an adult more self-aware and help him making sense of his place in the world. Empirical research suggests that charismatic leaders also have same sense of self-awareness and they are often introspective in evaluating their own beliefs. Thus, it is proposed that there is a positive relationship between parental attachment style and displays of charismatic leadership by  emergent adult. It is seen, on the other hand, that parental control impedes the development of an emergent adult. Excessive psychological control by parents on the child makes him insecure and less confident. This proves to be a barrier in his development as a charismatic leader. Parental psychological control also acts as an obstacle in establishing social relations and it create a situation of isolation for the emergent adult. Psychological control is seen as a negative factor in emergent adults’ displays of charismatic leadership Apart from above mentioned attribute, which attempts to answer the question â€Å"who are the charismatic leaders†, there are some attributes which try to answer the question â€Å"what makes a person a charismatic leader†. Here are some traits which can be identified with the charismatic leader [12]. Self-Monitoring One of the qualities of the charismatic leaders is that they watch themselves. They are constantly aware of the fact that their followers are watching them and so they find it important that they portray a good picture of themselves for their followers. As the charismatic leaders are born out of the blend of social scenario and follower’s needs, it becomes imperative for such leaders to constantly identify themselves with that social scenario and the need. Charismatic leaders can manage that only if they monitor themselves to make sure that they are still answering to the same plea which made them such a popular leader. Self-Actualization Self motivation is an important part of charismatic leadership. The leader gets motivated by the social scenario without being prompted about it. He can address his followers with the vigor only when he is self-actualized himself. It has been observed that such leaders not only motivate themselves but they have a capacity to transform this self-actualization to their  followers as well. They actually raise their followers from one level to the higher level. Motive to Attain Power Charismatic leaders often do not seek conventional power. They may not ask for an official post or position but what they look for is a social power. They want their follower to respect them and see them as their saviors. They want to win the position in their follower’s hearts. They look for identifying themselves with their follower’s values and shared beliefs. Such leaders are rated high on their social skills to persuade the masses and appeal them to their hearts. It is this power which keeps them popular for longer time. Self Enhancement Charismatic leaders are known for their self-correcting nature. They judge themselves on a strict scale. They continuously strive to become better. They, in fact, know that it is this â€Å"superiority† in them which makes them different from their followers. Charismatic leaders believe that when eventually they will bring their followers to their present level of â€Å"superiority†, they themselves should have gone one step above it to remain their leaders. Openness to Change While most of the other types of the leaders try to maintain status-quo as they are often afraid that change might depose them from the power, charismatic leaders are open to change. In fact, they represent the change and many times they prove to be the ones who bring about the changes. It is interesting to note that charismatic leaders are most powerful in the situation which demands the changes! Outcomes of charismatic leadership Having seen the process of the charismatic leadership and the attributes which the charismatic leaders posses, it becomes unavoidable to discuss the outcomes of the charismatic leadership. Many scholars see charismatic leadership as positive force which yields desirable results. However there  are some scholars who focus on negative aspects of the charismatic leadership. We will see both sides of the charismatic leadership. It is observed that charismatic leadership motivates followers to give extra output than what is expected from them otherwise. It also achieves self-actualization in its followers [12]. It is seen that charismatic leadership works in a social structure to heighten the morale of the followers. It shapes the society the way the followers and the leader had dreamt. In the business world also the charismatic leadership works positively. It increases the overall performance of the organization. It creates a sense of  fulfillment in the followers. It also creates a sense of unity and belongingness in the followers towards the organization. Charismatic leadership also has severe negative effects in some cases. The shared vision and ideas between the leader and followers create enormous energy in the organization. The leader can employ this energy in destructive way. The more the leader’s self-confident is the more are the chances that the leader will misuse the power. It’s been observed in many cases that charismatic leaders have abused their powers. Many companies have witnessed their high rank leaders going corrupt [13]. Because of excellent communication abilities of the charismatic leaders and due to the fact that they display some kind of charisma, the whole organization follows these leaders wholeheartedly and there remain absolutely no resistance for the leader. Without any check on the power, it doesn’t take time for the leader to go corrupt. Any healthy organization shows competition for power which also represents tussle between values and with lack of this tussle there remains no control on the leader. Followers of the charismatic leaders are so blinded by his charisma that they might even do some acts that they wouldn’t have done ordinarily. Atrocious acts by German soldiers under Hitler’s leadership are an apt example [13]. It was an unquestionable loyalty for their leader that compelled them to act in the way that they mostly wouldn’t have acted otherwise. Discussion This essay explains enough information about the charismatic leadership. There are some questions about the charismatic leadership which have still remained unanswered. After describing the attributes of the charismatic leader and the positive and negative outcomes of the charismatic leadership, it remains unknown that what makes a charismatic leader a â€Å"hero† and  what makes him a â€Å"villain†. Are there any specific attributes that make charismatic leader as a â€Å"hero† or a â€Å"villain†? The second question is regarding the â€Å"making of charismatic leaders†. After establishing that the charismatic leaders have certain characteristics, it remains to see that if everyone having those attributes can become a successful leader. And this question gives rise to yet another question that whether a charismatic leader can be â€Å"made†. Is it possible to â€Å"create† charismatic leaders by formal education? Third and last qu estion largely depends on the first two questions: If such charismatic leaders can be created by professional training then is it possible to create a â€Å"hero† type of charismatic leaders and avoid â€Å"dark side† of the charismatic leadership? Note: Although I have mentioned charismatic leader as him throughout the essay, the latest research shows that women are more apt to become a charismatic leaders [14]. I have mentioned the charismatic leaders as him because of the fact that most of the charismatic leaders known to the world are men and the examples which I have used are all male leaders! References 1. Lewin, K., R. Lippitt, et al. (1939). â€Å"PATTERNS OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN EXPERIMENTALLY CREATED SOCIAL CLIMATES†. Journal of Social Psychology 10(2): 271-299. 2. â€Å"Transformational Leadership† nmsu.edu. 21 November 2008 3. â€Å"Charismatic Domination† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 22 November 2008 4. Jacobsen, C. (2001). â€Å"Dynamics of charismatic leadership: A process theory, simulation model, and tests.† Leadership Quarterly 12(1): 75. 5. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 1, revised ed., pp. 198-213, The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960 6. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 2, revised ed., The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960 7. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 3, revised ed., pp. 91-131, The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India,1960 8. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 5, revised ed., pp. 85-101, The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960 9. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 6, revised ed., pp. 1-45, The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960 10. Tendulkar, D. G. Mahatma, vol. 8, revised ed., The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1960 11. Towler, A. (2005). â€Å"Charismatic leadership development: role of parental attachment style and parental psychological control.† Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 11(4): 15(11). 12. Jung, D. and J. J. Sosik (2006). â€Å"Who are the spellbinders? Identifying personal attributes of charismatic leaders.† Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 12(4): 12(15). 13. DeCelles, K. A. and M. D. Pfarrer (2004). â€Å"Heroes or villains? Corruption and the charismatic leader.† Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 11(1): 67(11). 14. Groves, K. S. (2005). â€Å"Gender differences in social and emotional skills and charismatic leadership.† Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 11(3): 30(17).

The Sound and the Fury Analytical essays

The Sound and the Fury Analytical essays Faulkners novel, The Sound and the Fury, shows the decline of a well-established and well-known southern aristocratic family. The novels main focuses are the moral decay of the Compson family and time (not letting go of the past). Throughout the novel we see how the values of the Compson family, which represents the old south, being erased as time moves on. The Compsons unwillingness to change with their surroundings and it ultimately destroys their family. In the novel the Compsons represent the old south. The Compsons are an old white southern aristocratic family living in Mississippi. Faulkner uses this family to illustrate the old traditions of southern culture and how time was corrupting the morals of the entire south. We see the decay of the south in the novels characters and their actions. Mr. Compson is an alcoholic. He over the years has become very cynical and believes all the old values of the south like purity are hogwash. Mrs. Compson has become so self absorbed that she forgets she has a responsibility to raise children. She is not seen in the book as the traditional southern mother but a self-pitying hypochondriac. In the novel Faulkner uses Quentin to show what the values of the southern aristocratic society used to be. Quentin the oldest son is the only one in his family that still believes in the old southern code. He is obsessed with tradition, family honor, and purity. Caddy, the second oldest, on the other hand does not. She grows up to be very promiscuous and has an illegitimate son, which soils the familys name. Jason the second youngest grows up and turns into his father times ten. He is very cynical and greed rules his thoughts throughout his story. Benjy is the youngest son. He epitomizes the downfall of the Compson family. Born mentally deficient he is the end of the Compson bloodline. Through his characters, mainly Quentin and Benjy, Faulkner s...

6 Problems with Punctuation

6 Problems with Punctuation 6 Problems with Punctuation 6 Problems with Punctuation By Mark Nichol Six categories of punctuation errors include missing, extraneous, misplaced, excessive, incorrect, and inconsistent punctuation. Each of the following sentences illustrate one of those errors in that order, accompanied by discussion and revision. 1. One man jumped on a police car, leaving its front and rear windows smashed and the top dented in and other protesters sprayed graffiti on another law enforcement vehicle. The description of the effects of the man’s actions constitute a parenthetical phrase inserted into the main clause, which is â€Å"One man jumped on a police car, and other protesters sprayed graffiti on another law enforcement vehicle.† The parenthesis requires punctuation at the end as well as at the beginning: â€Å"One man jumped on a police car, leaving its front and rear windows smashed and the top dented in, and other protesters sprayed graffiti on another law enforcement vehicle.† 2. Security-monitoring techniques, that highlight potential incidents and enable a real-time response from the organization, are becoming increasingly important. The phrase located between the commas is not parenthetical; it is essential to the meaning of the sentence in describing exactly which type of security monitoring techniques are being discussed, so no punctuation should interfere: â€Å"Security-monitoring techniques that highlight potential incidents and enable a real-time response from the organization are becoming increasingly important.† (If all security-monitoring characteristics had these capabilities, then that phrase would be a parenthetical one that provides additional information to the sentence, but that would have to be replaced by which to signal that nonessential information follows: â€Å"Security-monitoring techniques, which highlight potential incidents and enable a real-time response from the organization, are becoming increasingly important.†) 3. Quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 290 yards and a touchdown, and perhaps more importantly, was not sacked all day. No comma is required after touchdown, because what follows is not an independent clause. However, â€Å"perhaps more importantly† is a parenthetical phrase, so a comma should precede it: â€Å"Quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 290 yards and a touchdown and, perhaps more importantly, was not sacked all day.† 4. Style comes from the characteristics that make one garment- a piece of clothing- or accessory- a nonessential item that you wear or carry- different from another. Too many instances of the same punctuation mark can confuse the reader because the sentence does not provide distinctive cues about its organization and the hierarchy of information presented. If a sentence has more than one parenthetical phrase (in this case, the definitions of garment and accessory), open and closed parentheses, which face each other and more obviously set off what appears between them, should supplant dashes or commas: â€Å"Style comes from the characteristics that make one garment (a piece of clothing) or accessory (a nonessential item that you wear or carry) different from another.† (Note that using commas in place of dashes is not an improvement, because the sentence organization is still confusing: â€Å"Style comes from the characteristics that make one garment, or piece of clothing, or accessory, or nonessential item that you wear or carry, different from another.†) 5. I’ve been there before, I found it overrated. Here a semicolon, rather than a comma, is required, because the sentence consists of two independent clauses: â€Å"I’ve been there before; I think it’s overrated.† (Alternatively, the sentence could be divided into two separate sentences, or a conjunction could replace the punctuation: â€Å"I’ve been there before, but I think it’s overrated.†) 6. Last year, a man agreed to give up his $6,000 drone system and promise not to fly a drone for three years. . . . Last month the FAA announced there are now more registered drone operators in the United States than there are registered manned aircraft. If one short introductory phrase is followed by punctuation, any similar construction within a piece of writing should adhere to this style: â€Å"Last year, a man agreed to give up his $6,000 drone system and promise not to fly a drone for three years. . . . Last month, the FAA announced there are now more registered drone operators in the United States than there are registered manned aircraft.† The same rule applies for any other style, such as how a list is punctuated; if one list is punctuated, for example, â€Å"lock, stock, and barrel,† another should not be styled, for example, â€Å"rock, paper and scissors.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph Examples34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk